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Query: UMLS:C0034065 (pulmonary embolism)
 14,979 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) in patients over 65 years is common in emergency departments (EDs) and is one of the key symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) and respiratory disorders. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE for published studies in the English language between January 1980 and August 2007, using 'acute dyspnea', 'acute respiratory failure (ARF)', 'heart failure', 'pneumonia', 'pulmonary embolism (PE)' keywords and selecting articles concerning patients aged 65 or over. The age-related structural changes of the respiratory system, their consequences in clinical assessment and the pathophysiology of ARF are reviewed. CHF is the most common cause of ARF in the elderly. Inappropriate diagnosis that is frequent and inappropriate treatments in ED are associated with adverse outcomes. B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs) help to determine an accurate diagnosis of CHF. We should consider non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in elderly patients hospitalised with CHF or acidotic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who do not improve with medical treatment. Further studies on ARF in elderly patients are warranted.
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PMID:Acute respiratory failure in the elderly: diagnosis and prognosis. 1838 61

We report a case of symptomatic polymethyl methacrylate pulmonary emboli after percutaneous vertebroplasty to alert clinicians to this potential cause of pulmonary emboli. A 77-year-old woman developed acute respiratory failure after multilevel percutaneous vertebroplasty. She received mechanical ventilatory support and anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin. Multiple pulmonary polymethyl methacrylate cement emboli were identified by computed tomography angiogram. Polymethyl methacrylate cement extravasation into the vertebral venous circulation is common during vertebroplasty. Pulmonary embolism caused by cement migration after this procedure is extremely rare, as reported in the literature to date. However, the frequency of this complication may increase secondary to the widespread use of percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteoporotic compression fractures.
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PMID:Acute respiratory failure associated with polymethyl methacrylate pulmonary emboli after percutaneous vertebroplasty. 1853 16

Pulmonary embolism is the main pulmonary manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Other pulmonary manifestations including intra-alveolar haemorrhage are less common. We report a 36-year-old man with a primary antiphospholipid syndrome who presented with an acute respiratory failure due to the association of pulmonary embolism and intra-alveolar haemorrhage. This diagnosis should be systematically considered as it is life threatening and requires a specific therapy.
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PMID:[Intra-alveolar pulmonary haemorrhage, an unusual manifestation of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome]. 1861 15

The materials used for cosmetic procedures by physicians as well as illegally by non-medical personnel can cause non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism (NTPE). The case history is presented of a woman with acute respiratory failure after an illegal cosmetic vaginal procedure using hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal filler by an unlicensed medical practitioner on the day of symptom onset. Histopathological examination of a video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy specimen showed a granulomatous foreign body reaction with multinucleated giant cells around amorphous basophilic materials in the pulmonary vessels and lung parenchyma, suggesting NTPE by HA. HA is approved for dermal implantation for the correction of facial wrinkles and folds. All other uses are considered off label. Although HA is supposedly devoid of immunological reactions, localised complications with granulomatous foreign body reactions by HA injection have been reported after cosmetic facial procedures. However, the case of a typical NTPE syndrome has not yet been reported. This is the first reported biopsy-proven case of a patient developing NTPE caused by HA.
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PMID:Hyaluronic acid pulmonary embolism: a critical consequence of an illegal cosmetic vaginal procedure. 2038 64

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease which frequently results in life-threatening right ventricular (RV) failure. High-risk PE, presenting with hypotension, shock, RV dysfunction or right heart thrombus is associated with a high mortality, particularly during the first few hours. Accordingly, it is important to commence effective therapy as soon as possible. In the case described in this report, a 49-year-old woman with myotonic dystrophy type 1 presented with acute respiratory failure and hypotension. Transthoracic echocardiography showed signs of right heart failure and a mobile right heart mass highly suspicious of a thrombus. Based on echocardiographic findings, acute thrombolysis was performed resulting in hemodynamic stabilization of the patient and complete resolution of the right heart thrombus. This case underscores the important role of transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis, management and monitoring of PE and underlines the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis in the treatment of PE associated with right heart thrombus.
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PMID:Echocardiographic diagnosis, management and monitoring of pulmonary embolism with right heart thrombus in a patient with myotonic dystrophy: a case report. 2047 Apr 37

A 40 year old woman presented with a short history of acute onset of breathlessness to the ER of our hospital and after initial evaluation for acute pulmonary embolism which was ruled out after carrying out the appropriate investigations, she was diagnosed to be afflicted with syringomyelia based on her neurological symptoms and clinical findings, which was confirmed by doing an MRI scan, which was her basic diagnosis that was complicated by acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. This case is being reported to highlight syringomyelia as an unusual cause of acute respiratory failure, which manifested clinically in this patient as its first presentation and the underlying neurological diagnosis has been found to be present in very few reported cases (less than 0.01% of case reports) in the available literature as the basic disease in the absence of its classical presenting features. Problems associated with acute respiratory failure in the setting of syringomyelia are discussed.
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PMID:Acute respiratory failure as a first manifestation of syringomyelia. 2061 43

Diagnostic delay in patients suffering massive pulmonary embolism (PE) on chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) has inevitably fatal consequences. Indications to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are limited by severe comorbid conditions, some of which, as neurologic disease, absolutely contraindicate these procedures. We reported the clinical course of a severely diseased patient with a history of meningitis, psychosis and epilepsy, experiencing acute massive pulmonary embolism complicated by acute respiratory failure, successfully treated by ECMO and PTE. A 51-year-old woman with massive PE complicating a misdiagnosed CTEPH needed mechanical ventilation because of acute respiratory insufficiency. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated PE, and brain CT showed multiple cerebral and cerebellar ischemic lesions. Veno-venous ECMO assistance was instituted despite CT imaging. She recovered from acute respiratory insufficiency by means of veno-venous ECMO. Weaning from ECMO was however impossible until surgical exploration demonstrated an underlying chronic CTEPH, which was successfully addressed by PTE, switching the ECMO system to a standard cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged home in healthy condition. Despite the fact that the cost-effective ratio should always be considered in advanced life support, expanding the commonly accepted selection criteria for expensive procedures might be advisable in selected acute life-threatening cases, in view of the possibility to unexpectedly save lives.
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PMID:Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to and support for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in misdiagnosed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. 2149 95

Lung failure is the most common organ failure seen in the intensive care unit. The pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure (ARF) can be classified as (1) neuromuscular in origin, (2) secondary to acute and chronic obstructive airway diseases, (3) alveolar processes such as cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and pneumonia, and (4) vascular diseases such as acute or chronic pulmonary embolism. This article reviews the more common causes of ARF from each group, including the pathological mechanisms and the principles of critical care management, focusing on the supportive, specific, and adjunctive therapies for each condition.
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PMID:Acute lung failure. 2198 97

A 75-year-old woman who lived in a retirement home was admitted to the emergency room of our hospital because of acute respiratory failure with sudden onset of wheezing on awakening. A differential diagnosis of heart failure, showed that she had experienced an attack of bronchial asthma. She was therefore given beta-agonists via inhalation and theophylline and steroids intravenously. Her wheezing decreased but her respiratory failure persisted. Therefore, she was transferred to the intensive care unit and was referred to our department. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of her chest showed pulmonary embolisms involving both lower lung lobes. Moreover, pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy showed defects in both lower lobes. Thus, pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. Subsequently, we started anticoagulant therapy, and her respiratory failure was saved. Pulmonary embolism is known to induce symptoms such as bronchial asthma, although such symptoms are rare.
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PMID:[Bronchial asthma-like symptoms induced by pulmonary embolism]. 2211 13

A chest X-ray of a young healthy African-American man with acute respiratory failure revealed bilateral multiple nodular shadows in the lungs, while community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was detected in blood and sputum cultures. Magnetic resonance imaging showed osteomyelitis of the left thigh, and computed tomography revealed bilateral cavitary lesions in the chest, indicating necrotizing pneumonia with pulmonary embolism caused by osteomyelitis as a result of infection with CA-MRSA. CA-MRSA should be suspected as a causative agent of severe community-acquired pneumonia, even in Japan, among patients who belong to communities at high risk of CA-MRSA infection.
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PMID:Necrotizing pneumonia due to femoral osteomyelitis caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 2381 5


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