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Query: UMLS:C0034065 (pulmonary embolism)
 14,979 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review of maternal mortality at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu between January 1976 and December 1985 has been made. Deaths up to 6 weeks of puerperium from direct, indirect, and incidental causes were included but abortions were excluded. There were 47,361 deliveries and 127 maternal deaths giving a maternal mortality rate of 2.7/1000. There has been a downward trend in the mortality rate from 5.46 in 1976 to 1.99 in 1985. Comparing mortality rates according to booking status, it was observed that mortality rates were 48 times higher in unbooked patients. It was observed that overall that deaths increased with increasing maternal age except in the 26-30 age group. Whereas only 0.16% of women aged 26-30 died, 2% of women 40 died. The highest mortality rates are in primigravida and grand multipara. The main causes of death were obstructed labor plus ruptured uterus (35%), obstetric hemorrhage (25.98%), eclampsial severe/preeclampsia (11%), and sepsis (10.24%). Other causes of death include anesthetic, amniotic fluid embolism, jaundice in pregnancy, congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary embolism, and severe anemia. Factors influencing this high mortality include antenatal care, maternal age, and parity. The majority of these deaths are avoidable through adequate blood transfusions, attention to details and better case management, improved medical services, recognition of severe problems by patients and family, and immediate medical care. Futhermore, faults may lie either with the patient, the hospital, the medical team, the government or the system or a combination of these factors. The ways to reduce the high maternal mortality are improved standard of living, raising the literacy level, improved structural facilities and social amenities, better communication and transportation, increased number of hospitals, blood transfusion services, better case management, and a high level of utilization of available facilities.
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PMID:Maternal mortality at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: a 10-year survey. 1217 83

In many Western nations, including England and Wales, Sweden, and the US, there is a current trend towards delayed childbearing because of women's pursuit of a career, later marriage, a longer interval between marriage and the 1st birth, and the increasing number of divorcees having children in a 2nd marriage. Wives of men in social classes I and II in England and Wales are, on average, having their 1st child at 27.9 years, 1.6 years later than in 1973, and in social classes IV and V, 1.0 years later than in 1973, at a mean age of 23.7 years. Consequently, the total period fertility rate for British women aged 30-34 years, 35-39 years, and 40 and over increased by 4%, 2%, and 4%, respectively, between 1982-83, in contrast to reductions of 2% and 3%, respectively, in the 15-19 year and 20-24 year age groups, with the 25-29-year-olds remaining static. The average maternal mortality for all parties in England and Wales during 1976-78 was 106/million for adolescents, 70.4/million for 20-24 year-olds, and 1162/million for those aged 40 years and older. The specific obstetric and allied conditions which increase with age are the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, abortion, cardiac disease, caesarean section, ruptured uterus, and amniotic fluid embolism. The Swedish Medical Birth Registry of all live births and perinatal deaths since 1973 has shown that the risk of late fetal death is significantly greater in women aged 30-39 years than in those of the same parity and gravidity aged 20-24 years. The risk of giving birth to low birth weight babies preterm and at term and of premature labor are similarly increased. The early neonatal death rate also was increased for primigravidas and nulliparas in the 30-39 year age group but not in parous women. This is, in part, due to the rise in incidence of fetal abnormalities with advancing maternal age because of chromosomal and nonchromosomal anomalies. These also appear to be the cause of the increased fetal loss from spontaneous abortion. The incidence of dizygotic twins rises steeply over the age of 30 years at a time when the mother is less able to tolerate the increased physiological load. Some women who have postponed childbearing find themselves involuntarily infertile owing to a physiological or pathological decline in fecundity. The physiological decrement because of malfunction of aging ovarian follicles becomes apparent at 35 years and proceeds rapidly after 40 years. From the obstetric perspective, pregnancy is ideal in women aged 20-30 years, tolerable between 30-34 years, undesirable between 35-39 years, an to be avoided after 40 years.
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PMID:Delayed childbearing. 1228 Jan 53

A case of a 27-year-old pregnant female (first trimester) is described. The patient was hospitalised due to pregnancy complications and immobilised for 3 weeks. At the end of this period patient's clinical condition rapidly deteriorated and she developed shock, followed by cardiac arrest. Echocardiography was consistent with acute pulmonary embolism and the patient received streptokinase. This treatment was complicated by a massive bleeding due to the rupture of the uterus. She underwent hysterectomy and recovered thereafter.
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PMID:[Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy treated with streptokinase and complicated by massive haemorrhage--a case report]. 1524 67

A case is described of a previously healthy obese woman in her fourth pregnancy who presented for caesarean section due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD). Forty minutes after a spinal anaesthetic a healthy child was delivered. Shortly after the injection of ergometrine and Syntocinon into the uterus, the patient described a general feeling of discomfort which was followed by convulsions and cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was successful and the circulation was restored. However, it was difficult to maintain oxygenation and the patient was mechanically ventilated for 24 hours and subsequently supplementary oxygen therapy was given for three days. A pulmonary scintigram on the fourth day after delivery showed large uptake defects indicative of pulmonary embolism. The patient recovered completely and was discharged home after two weeks. Differential diagnosis and measures to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are discussed.
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PMID:Cardiac arrest during caesarean section. 1563 80

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious illness sometimes causing death due to acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Blood stasis of the pelvic vein is a major etiologic factor for DVT. Occasionally a large myomatous uterus can cause compression of the pelvic venous system leading to DVT. We describe a very rare case of massive pulmonary embolism in a 39-year-old woman with multiple uterine myomas and no other recognized risk factors for PTE and DVT. The patient was successfully treated with thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy associated with total hysterectomy.
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PMID:Massive pulmonary embolism in a woman with leiomyomatous uterus causing pelvic deep venous thrombosis. 1605 43

A 42-year-old woman died from massive barium sulfate (BaSO(4)) lung embolism after a balloon catheter intended for elective colonography was inserted into her vagina. The vaginal insertion of the balloon catheter caused a bilateral laceration of the vaginal wall which was followed by penetration of BaSO(4) into the afferent veins and massive pulmonary embolism. Fluoroscopy performed during the fatal events and post-mortem X-rays revealed a radio-opaque substance in the vagina and uterus, the pelvic vessels and the vena cava, the right heart chambers, the lungs, and the kidneys. In addition to lungs, finely granular intravascular particles were demonstrated histologically in several organs including the brain and the glomerular capillaries. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy together with X-ray microanalysis, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) allowed the definite identification of BaSO(4) in lungs and confirmed its capacity to penetrate the pulmonary filter and to embolise via the systemic circulation in various organs.
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PMID:Fatal iatrogenic BaSO4 embolism: morphological and ultrastructural findings confirmed by X-ray microanalysis and ICP-AES. 1727 39

This work aims to determine whether lead shielding can be used to decrease the radiation dose to the fetus during CT scans for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism during early stage pregnancy. An anthropomorphic phantom was modified to contain a 15 cc ionization chamber at the site of the uterus to enable fetal dose to be measured. The effects of a range of scan parameters, positioning of lead and thicknesses of lead were investigated. Fetal dose was lower with lower values of kV(p) and mAs. An increasing thickness of lead decreased the radiation dose to the uterus, as did increasing the proportion of the patient covered by the lead shielding. Fetal dose increased exponentially as the edge of the scan volume moved closer to the point of measurement. In no experiment was the dose to the fetus increased by the presence of the lead. It was found that the fetal radiation dose from a CT scan following a pulmonary embolism protocol can be effectively reduced by the use of lead shielding.
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PMID:Investigation into the effects of lead shielding for fetal dose reduction in CT pulmonary angiography. 1762 3

We report an extremely rare case of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) extending into the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to lower-extremity edema. The chest-abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed tumor thrombus invading the inferior vena cava and right atrium with multiple lung metastasis. To prevent sudden death from pulmonary embolism, she underwent surgical removal the tumor thrombus with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The pathological diagnosis of the tumor thrombus was low-grade ESS originating from the uterus. After thrombectomy, she underwent chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Surgical resection and chemotherapy to low-grade ESS achieved favourable prognosis.
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PMID:[Tumor thrombectomy for endometrial stromal sarcoma extending into the inferior vena cava and the right atrium from the uterus]. 1826 52

Hemorrhage and thrombosis are major causes of maternal mortality. This case discusses the management of a woman with placenta percreta complicated by intraoperative pulmonary embolism. A 39-year-old gravida 3 with two previous cesarean deliveries presented at 34 weeks of gestation with an antepartum hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed placenta percreta. The multidisciplinary group including obstetricians, gynecological oncologists, interventional radiologists and anesthesiologists developed a delivery plan. Cesarean delivery was performed with internal iliac artery occlusion and embolization catheters in place. After the uterine incision our patient experienced acute hypotension and hypoxia associated with a drop in the end-tidal carbon dioxide and sinus tachycardia. She was resuscitated and the uterus closed with the placenta in situ. Postoperatively, uterine bleeding was arrested by immediate uterine artery embolization. With initiation of embolization, hypotension and hypoxia recurred. Oxygenation and hemodynamics slowly improved, the case continued and the patient was extubated uneventfully at the end of the procedure. Computed tomography revealed multiple pulmonary emboli. The patient was anticoagulated with low-molecular-weight heparin and returned six weeks later for hysterectomy. Placenta percreta with invasion into the bladder can be catastrophic if not recognized before delivery. The chronology of events suggests that this may have been amniotic fluid emboli. An intact placenta with abnormal architecture, such as placenta percreta, may increase the risk of amniotic fluid embolus. The clinical findings and co-existing filling defects on computed tomography may represent a spectrum of amniotic fluid embolism syndrome.
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PMID:Multidisciplinary management of placenta percreta complicated by embolic phenomena. 1850 84

Thromboembolic disease during pregnancy is an important cause of obstetric morbidity and mortality. Pregnant patients with venous thromboembolism are usually managed by conventional anticoagulation. However, this must be discontinued during vaginal or caesarian delivery to avoid haemorrhage and to reduce the risk of possible epidural haematoma. Retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) offer protection against pulmonary embolism during this high-risk period, when anticoagulation is discontinued, while avoiding potential long-term sequelae of a permanent IVCF. Here we report two patients who presented in the third trimester of pregnancy with floating ileofemoral deep vein thrombosis. Both patients were initially treated with standard anticoagulation; however, shortly before delivery both patients had a retrievable IVCF placed in a suprarenal position. In both patients, retrieval failed at 28 days after insertion because of filter tilt. The timing and mechanism of filter tilt remains uncertain. We believe that a number of factors could have been involved, including change in the anatomic configuration with lateral displacement of the IVCF as a result of the gravid uterus as well as forceful uterine contractions during labour, which modified the shape and diameter of the IVC. We showed that failure to retrieve the IVCF has had considerable implications for the two young patients regarding long-term anticoagulation and have highlighted the need for further clinical trials regarding the safe use of retrievable IVCFs during pregnancy.
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PMID:Failed retrieval of an inferior vena cava filter during pregnancy because of filter tilt: report of two cases. 1883 42


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