Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0034063 (pulmonary edema)
 10,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male Wistar rats were exposed to mist and vapor of two mineral oils, two C15-C20 alkylbenzenes, and one polybutene at aerosol concentrations of 70 mg.m-3 and 700 mg.m-3 for 2 weeks. Of oil mist particles, 82-97 wt% were respirable (less than 4.7 microns). High-level exposure to polybutene was lethal to three of four animals, due to pulmonary edema. Elevated numbers of pulmonary macrophages and increased macrophage vacuolization were observed after exposure to the polybutene, both mineral oils, and one alkylbenzene. The same alkylbenzene produced body weight loss. Deposition analysis was performed for one mineral oil. No oil was detected in brain tissue, while retroperitoneal fat tissue contained 541 (401-702) micrograms oil/g tissue, half of this still present after an exposure-free period of 2 weeks. It is concluded that inhalation of the polybutene and one of the mineral cable oils tested here produces toxic effects in lung.
 ...
PMID:Subacute inhalation toxicity of mineral oils, C15-C20 alkylbenzenes, and polybutene in male rats. 214 12

We studied the effects of neutrophil activation on collateral ventilation and peripheral lung reactivity in anesthetized dogs. A fiberoptic bronchoscope was wedged into a segmental airway under direct vision. Ventilation beyond the obstruction thus occurred only through collateral channels. Through one lumen of a double-lumen catheter threaded through the suction port of a bronchoscope, 5% CO2 in air was infused at a known constant rate (V coll). Through the other lumen, pressure at the tip of the bronchoscope was monitored (Pb). For measurements of resistance to flow through the collateral system (Rcs), the ventilation was stopped at functional residual capacity (FRC). Histamine was delivered through the bronchoscope to the obstructed lung segment in the form of an aerosol mist generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer. Measurements of Rcs were used as a parameter of the peripheral lung reactivity to histamine challenge. Within one hour after intravenous infusion of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a neutrophil activator, the reactivity to histamine significantly increased. After this, Rcs increased even without histamine challenge. This increase may have been due to an edematous injury of lung caused by PMA. The nature of the injury was confirmed by wet to dry weight ratios. In the other group, the white cell count dropped below 1000 per cu. mm. after intravenous infusion of nitrogen mustard. The same experimental protocols were followed. The Rcs did not increase even with histamine challenge. Our results suggested that substances such as oxygen radicals and arachidonic acid metabolites, which can be released by activated neutrophils, may not not only increase peripheral lung reactivity, but may also induce pulmonary edema.
 ...
PMID:Effects of neutrophils on collateral ventilation and peripheral lung reactivity in dogs. 342 42

Glyphosate is used extensively as a non-selective herbicide by both professional applicators and consumers and its use is likely to increase further as it is one of the first herbicides against which crops have been genetically modified to increase their tolerance. Commercial glyphosate-based formulations most commonly range from concentrates containing 41% or more glyphosate to 1% glyphosate formulations marketed for domestic use. They generally consist of an aqueous mixture of the isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, a surfactant, and various minor components including anti-foaming and colour agents, biocides and inorganic ions to produce pH adjustment. The mechanisms of toxicity of glyphosate formulations are complicated. Not only is glyphosate used as five different salts but commercial formulations of it contain surfactants, which vary in nature and concentration. As a result, human poisoning with this herbicide is not with the active ingredient alone but with complex and variable mixtures. Therefore, It is difficult to separate the toxicity of glyphosate from that of the formulation as a whole or to determine the contribution of surfactants to overall toxicity. Experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants. Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate. Accidental ingestion of glyphosate formulations is generally associated with only mild, transient, gastrointestinal features. Most reported cases have followed the deliberate ingestion of the concentrated formulation of Roundup (The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.) (41% glyphosate as the IPA salt and 15% POEA). There is a reasonable correlation between the amount ingested and the likelihood of serious systemic sequelae or death. Advancing age is also associated with a less favourable prognosis. Ingestion of >85 mL of the concentrated formulation is likely to cause significant toxicity in adults. Gastrointestinal corrosive effects, with mouth, throat and epigastric pain and dysphagia are common. Renal and hepatic impairment are also frequent and usually reflect reduced organ perfusion. Respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary oedema, infiltration on chest x-ray, shock, arrythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia may supervene in severe cases. Bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias are often present pre-terminally. Dermal exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation and photo-contact dermatitis has been reported occasionally; these effects are probably due to the preservative Proxel (benzisothiazolin-3-one). Severe skin burns are very rare. Inhalation is a minor route of exposure but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, tingling and throat irritation. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis, and superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate. Management is symptomatic and supportive, and skin decontamination with soap and water after removal of contaminated clothing should be undertaken in cases of dermal exposure.
 ...
PMID:Glyphosate poisoning. 1586 83

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a remnant of the normal fetal circulation consisting in a communication between septum primum and septum secundum. Postnatally, the two septa fuse completing separation of the atria. In 25% of normal individuals incomplete fusion leads to the persistence of the flap valve leaving a PFO. In the recent years a variety of clinical conditions has been associated with or attributed to PFO. In particular, PFO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic stroke/transient ischemic attack due to paradoxical embolism and to the pathogenesis of migraine headache. PFO has also been associated with decompression illness in divers and to minor diseases such as platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome and high-altitude pulmonary edema. Meta-analyses and observational studies indicate that the prevalence of PFO is approximately 3-fold higher in patients with cryptogenic stroke and migraineurs compared controls. Conversely, observational evidences indicate a 2-3-fold increased prevalence of migraine and cerebrovascular events in PFO carriers. Observational studies and meta-analyses suggest that, compared to optimal medical treatment, transcatheter closure of PFO might significantly reduce the recurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with previous stroke/transient ischemic attack; however, albeit mechanical closure of PFO is an attractive alternative to medical therapy, randomized trials supporting the efficacy of this approach have not been completed. Furthermore, about 80% of patients undergoing PFO closure for nonmigraine indications reported improvement in their migraine symptoms. However, these studies were predominantly retrospective, nonrandomized and conducted in highly selected populations. The recently published MIST trial, the only randomized study available, failed to demonstrate a significant favorable effect of PFO closure for migraine resolution and/or migraine improvement. At present, as insufficient evidence exists to support transcatheter PFO closure for prevention of cryptogenic stroke recurrence as well as for migraine therapy, and considering that the procedure is not riskless (major complications occurring in 1.5-2% of patients whose PFO was closed), a very prudent and wise approach is imperative in individual patients when this therapeutic strategy is carried out.
 ...
PMID:[Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: a wise approach]. 1878 80