Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0034063 (pulmonary edema)
 10,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pulmonary hypertension and foreign body granulomas are recognized sequelae of chronic intravenous drug abuse. We have recently described the development of transient pulmonary hypertension and increased permeability pulmonary edema after the intravenous injection of crushed, suspended pentazocine tablets in both humans and dogs. To determine the role of vasoactive substances in the development of this transient pulmonary hypertension, we measured pulmonary hemodynamics and accumulation of arachidonic acid metabolites in dogs during the infusion of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, and FPL 55712, a receptor antagonist for leukotriene C4/D4 (LTC4/D4). Following the intravenous administration of crushed, suspended pentazocine tablets (3-4 mg/kg of body weight), mean pulmonary artery pressure increased from 14 +/- 2 mmHg to 30 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.05) at 60 secs with a concomitant increase in plasma concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha from 187 +/- 92 pg/ml to 732 +/- 104 pg/ml and thromboxane B2 from 206 +/- 83 pg/ml to 1362 +/- 117 pg/ml (both p less than 0.05). Indomethacin prevented the increase in both cyclooxygenase metabolites, but had no effect on the pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, DEC had no effect on the increase in cyclooxygenase products, but blocked the pulmonary hypertension. FPL 55712 did not effect either the increase in cyclooxygenase metabolites or the pulmonary hypertension. We conclude that the transient pulmonary hypertension, induced by the intravenous injection of crushed, suspended pentazocine tablets, is not mediated by cyclooxygenase products but may be mediated by lipoxygenase product(s) other than LTC4/D4.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary hypertensive response to foreign body microemboli. 211 55

Lung injury induced by phospholipase A2 (PLA2, 0.046 IU/ml perfusate) was studied in a continuous weighing system of isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. The results revealed that lung weight increased progressively during the 30-min perfusion of PLA2. No change of pulmonary arterial pressure was observed in the same period. Albumin permeability-surface area product, lung index, lung water content, exudate from pleura, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity increased significantly at the end of 30 min PLA2 perfusion. p-Bromophenacyl bromide, a PLA2 inhibitor, may block the above changes nearly completely. The effects of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin, IM), lipoxygenase (diethylcarbamaxine, DE), and platelet-activating factor (SRI 63-441) on PLA2-induced lung injury were also studied. We found: (1) PLA2 may induce high permeability lung edema. The role of endothelial injury in the permeability change remains to be further investigated. (2) DE ameliorated lung injury significantly within 10 min of PLA2 treatment but showed no effect after 15 min. IM ameliorated lung injury during the whole experimental period. SRI 63-441 had no effect. It is suggested that PLA2 may damage lung by inducing products of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase besides its direct effect.
 ...
PMID:Phospholipase A2-induced lung edema and its mechanism in isolated perfused guinea pig lung. 236 33

Amiodarone (ADR), a new antiarrhythmic drug for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, causes pneumonitis or lung fibrosis in a sizeable minority of patients. The cause of lung damage is not known. We have shown that infusion of 10 mg amiodarone into the inflow circuit of ventilated and perfused rabbit lungs causes immediate increase in pulmonary artery pressure (mean +/- SEM) (from 13.6 +/- 1.2 to 40.6 +/- 9.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and pulmonary edema with marked increase in the pulmonary generation of thromboxane and leukotrienes C4 and/or D4. Albumin (2 g%) in the perfusate prevents any increase in lung perfusion pressure or edema formation. When lung perfusion pressure increase is blocked with the combined cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor enolicam sodium (CG5391B, 35 microM in perfusate), significant lung edema still occurs after amiodarone, indicating that amiodarone causes increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability. Addition of catalase (100 U/ml) or superoxide dismutase and catalase (100 U/ml each) to perfusate fails to protect from amiodarone lung injury. Immediate infusion of amiodarone (10 mg) into lungs ventilated with room air (ADR + RA) causes an increase in lung weight gain from baseline (delta W) of 5.7 +/- 1.5 g/min. Compared with ADR + RA, ventilation of lungs with 4% O2 (delta W = 0.7 +/- 0.3 g/min, p less than 0.05), pretreatment of rabbits for 3 days with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 100 mg/kg/day i.p., delta W = 0.05 +/- 0.02 g/min, p less than 0.01), pretreatment of rabbits for 3 days with vitamin E (Vit E, 300 U/day orally, delta W = 0.6 +/- 0.2 g/min, p less than 0.05), or addition of N-acetylcysteine to the lung perfusate (NAC, 5 mM, delta W = 0.1 +/- 0.08 g/min, p less than 0.01) all protect from lung edema formation after amiodarone. Amiodarone (100 mg) also caused a marked increase in luminol-enhanced lung chemiluminescence, lung production of superoxide anion (O2-), and tissue levels of lung glutathione disulfide. These results suggest that amiodarone causes lung injury by an oxidant mechanism.
 ...
PMID:Amiodarone causes acute oxidant lung injury in ventilated and perfused rabbit lungs. 245 31

We hypothesized that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) might be produced during endotoxin-induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) observed in young pigs. We used radioimmunoassay (RIA) and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to determine the presence of LTB4 in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of saline- and endotoxin-treated pigs. Endotoxin was infused at 5 micrograms/kg for 1 hour (hr) followed by 2 micrograms/kg/hr for an average of 3 hrs. Arterial plasma (collected at 0.5 hr intervals for 4 hrs) immunoreactive (i)-LTB4 was significantly increased from 2.5 to 4 hrs of endotoxemia with the peak value occurring at 3.5 hrs (i.e. 282% of baseline value). Analysis of plasma extracts using RP-HPLC revealed an ultraviolet (UV) absorbance peak (270 nm) that was coincident with authentic LTB4 standard. The levels of i-LTB4 were significantly increased in BALF recovered from endotoxemic pigs (337 +/- 71 vs 53 +/- 13 pg/ml for saline controls). Endotoxin also increased the postmortem wet/dry ratio of bloodless lung and BALF albumin concentration, indicating pulmonary edema and increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, respectively. We conclude that LTB4 is increased in plasma and BALF recovered from endotoxemic pigs and that this lipoxygenase metabolite could possibly be an important factor contributing to the pathophysiology of endotoxin-induced ARF.
 ...
PMID:Increased leukotriene B4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of endotoxemic pigs. 284 90

Intravenous Paf-acether (Paf, 15-80 micrograms kg-1) killed conscious Swiss mice in a dose-dependent manner, without causing platelet aggregation in the lung microvasculature, or pulmonary oedema. Propranolol (0.01-10 mg kg-1, i.p.) potentiated the effects of an LD20 of Paf dose-dependently, while the beta 1-adrenoceptor selective antagonist, metoprolol, was three orders of magnitude less potent in this respect. Salbutamol (1 mg kg-1, i.p.) provided complete protection against an LD80 of Paf. High doses of indomethacin, aspirin, benoxaprofen and FPL 55712 given i.p. failed to inhibit the effects of an LD80 of Paf, while BW 755C (50-100 mg kg-1) exerted a dose-dependent protection and benzydamine (50 mg kg-1) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (200 mg kg-1) were partially active. Dexamethasone (1-5 mg kg-1, s.c.) exerted a dose-dependent protection, when administered at least 4 h before Paf. In mice anaesthetized with urethane, Paf (1-30 micrograms kg-1) produced hypotension which was not clearly dose-related. The effects of the highest dose were also tested on the resistance of the lungs to inflation and found to produce bronchoconstriction. It may be concluded that pharmacological manipulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors modulates Paf-induced death in mice, while arachidonate metabolites of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway and peptidoleukotrienes do not appear to be involved. However, lipoxygenase products, distinct from peptidoleukotrienes, may play a role in this phenomenon. It is suggested that bronchoconstriction, probably associated with cardiovascular effects, is a major determinant of the acute toxicity of Paf in mice.
 ...
PMID:Paf-acether-induced death in mice: involvement of arachidonate metabolites and beta-adrenoceptors. 288 Jun 24

Arachidonic acid metabolites produced by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways affect pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein fluxes after pulmonary microvascular injury. Some of these products may contribute to the increase microvascular endothelial permeability whereas others may increase pulmonary microvascular filtration pressure. Prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha and cyclic endoperoxides increase microvascular pressure and thus increase the transvascular fluid filtration rate. Thromboxanes increase microvascular pressure and in addition may promote neutrophil adherence to endothelium and platelet aggregation, whereas prostacyclin has opposing actions. The cysteine-containing leukotrienes (LTs) (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) increase pulmonary microvascular pressure via a thromboxane-mediated mechanism, and LTB4 may increase pulmonary vascular permeability. Arachidonic acid metabolites do not appear to alter directly pulmonary endothelial membrane permeability but may contribute to the increased permeability by their actions on blood-formed elements. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor arachidonic aid metabolites increase microvascular hydrostatic pressure and may thereby enhance the degree of pulmonary edema.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary microvascular effects of arachidonic acid metabolites and their role in lung vascular injury. 298 32

To evaluate the cellular and biochemical composition of bronchoalveolar fluid in high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), we performed bronchoalveolar lavage in three climbers with HAPE in a research facility at 4400 m on Mount McKinley. Three healthy climbers were used as controls. The HAPE fluids contained marked increases in high-molecular-weight proteins, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, most of which were alveolar macrophages. The HAPE fluids also contained detectable amounts of leukotriene B4 and other lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism, complement fragments (C5a), inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis, and acid proteases but not hydroxyproline, a constituent of collagen. The data from this study indicate that HAPE involves a transient "large pore" leak in the pulmonary circulation. Despite the presence of two potent mediators of inflammation, leukotriene B4 and C5a, HAPE is not characterized by the intense neutrophil accumulation that is typical of other forms of acute lung injury.
 ...
PMID:High-altitude pulmonary edema. Characteristics of lung lavage fluid. 301 34

Studies were conducted in isolated, buffer-perfused rat lungs to determine if prostaglandin (PG) E1 attenuated pulmonary edema provoked by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). When lungs were challenged by 60 min of perfusion with H2O2 (generated by the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase) the wet weight-to-dry weight ratio increased from control by 54%, indicating development of pulmonary edema. In contrast, lungs treated simultaneously with H2O2 plus PGE1 (1 microgram/min) failed to exhibit an elevated wet-to-dry weight ratio. H2O2-injured lungs demonstrated a modest 2 torr increase in pulmonary arterial perfusion pressure that was not influenced by simultaneous treatment with PGE1. Both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis detected increased amounts of (5S)-5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14 eicosatetraenoic acid in the perfusion medium of H2O2-injured lungs (RIA, 48.0 +/- 14.7; HPLC, 54.8 +/- 13.5) relative to controls (RIA, 6.6 +/- 1.6; HPLC, 6.8 +/- 1.9), and simultaneous treatment with PGE1 tended to blunt this increase (RIA, 29.2 +/- 8.3; HPLC, 29.8 +/- 7.6). PGE1 abolished the increase in wet weight-to-dry weight ratio induced by exogenous leukotriene C4. Production of H2O2 by the glucose-glucose oxidase reaction was not influenced by PGE1. Taken together, these observations indicate that PGE1 attenuates H2O2-induced pulmonary edema formation in buffer-perfused rat lungs by mechanisms that may relate to inhibition of lung 5'-lipoxygenase activation and/or to inhibition of the injurious effects of endogenously produced lipoxygenase products.
 ...
PMID:Salutary effects of prostaglandin E1 in perfused rat lungs injured with hydrogen peroxide. 303 98

Infusion of the oxidant lipid peroxide tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-bu-OOH) causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and increases vascular permeability in isolated perfused rabbit lungs. We have previously shown that t-bu-OOH stimulates arachidonic acid metabolism, increasing the synthesis of the cyclooxygenase products. The current experiments were designed to determine the role that cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived mediators play in the lung injury caused by t-bu-OOH. In the present experiments, we found that t-bu-OOH not only increased the synthesis of the cyclooxygenase-derived products thromboxane and prostacyclin but also increased the synthesis of the lipoxygenase-derived products leukotrienes B4, C4, D4, and E4. To determine the role that these arachidonic acid metabolites play in the increase in pressure and vascular permeability caused by t-bu-OOH, we studied the effect that inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism or a leukotriene receptor blocker had on the pulmonary edema. We compared an uninjured control group with 4 groups of lungs given t-bu-OOH: a t-bu-OOH control group; a group pretreated with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (14 microM); a group pretreated with an analogue of arachidonic acid, 5-, 8-, 11-, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) (100 microM), that inhibits both the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways; and a group pretreated with the leukotriene receptor antagonist FPL 55712 (38 microM). To produce lung injury, t-bu-OOH (300 microM) was infused throughout the first minute of 4 successive 10-min periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The role of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase mediators in oxidant-induced lung injury. 314

We examined the mechanism of the bone marrow-induced pulmonary edema in the isolated Ringer-perfused rabbit lung. Bone marrow administration (0.2 ml/kg body wt) increased pulmonary arterial pressure, capillary pressure, arterial resistance, and venous resistance within 2-4 min. Bone marrow also produced marked increases in lung wet weight and the capillary filtration coefficient but at later time points (90-120 min) during the perfusion. Only the triglyceride-containing lipid component of the bone marrow produced increases in pulmonary hemodynamics, lung wet weight, and the capillary filtration coefficient comparable to those observed after bone marrow. Bone marrow and the lipid component of bone marrow both produced increases in venous effluent lipoprotein lipase activity (the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids). Bone marrow also stimulated the production of thromboxane B2 but not 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha in the perfused lung. Both meclofenamate (1 microM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and U-60,257 (10 microM), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, attenuated the bone marrow-induced pulmonary hemodynamic response, whereas only U-60,257 attenuated the increases in lung wet weight and the capillary filtration coefficient. In conclusion, pulmonary embolization induced by bone marrow results in increases in lung weight and the capillary filtration coefficient in the isolated Ringer-perfused rabbit lung. Pulmonary vasoconstriction is partially dependent on arachidonic acid metabolites but appears to be independent of circulating blood-formed elements. The lipid component of bone marrow or products derived from this component (e.g., free fatty acids and lipoxygenase products) may mediate the bone marrow-induced pulmonary edema.
 ...
PMID:Role of lipids in bone marrow-induced pulmonary edema. 357 Oct 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>