Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034063 (pulmonary edema)
 10,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Practical approaches to the initial evaluation of solid organ transplant patients, BMT patients, and HIV-infected patients with pulmonary disease are summarized in Figures 2, 3, and 4. These algorithms are meant to be used as guidelines for the clinician. The clinical setting will ultimately determine the extent and speed of the evaluation. Patients who are recipients of solid organ transplants and have pulmonary symptoms may have focal or diffuse changes or may have normal chest radiographs. In all these groups, sputum is obtained by expectation. If a pathogen is found in any of the groups, it is treated. When no pathogen is found on sputum examination in patients with focal disease, empiric antibiotic therapy is given. If the patients do not improve on the empiric antibiotics, then bronchoscopy is performed. Some centers proceed directly to bronchoscopy before antibiotics are started in the hope of directing antibiotic therapy. Patients who have a normal CXR or diffuse infiltrates and no identified pathogen on examination of sputum undergo bronchoscopy, and the protocol is followed until a diagnosis is made (see Fig. 2). Patients who have received a BMT and who present with pulmonary symptoms are treated as shown in Figure 3. The CXR will reveal if the infiltrate is focal or diffuse. Those with focal infiltrates are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for 48 to 72 hours. If the symptoms and signs do not show some resolution, then bronchoscopy is usually performed. The effect of diffuse infiltrates in BMT patients depends to a large extent how far along in recovery from the transplant the patient is when they develop the infiltrates. During the first 30 days posttransplant, pulmonary edema commonly occurs, and the infiltrates may resolve with diuresis. If the patient is not clinically fluid overloaded or they do not respond to the diuretic therapy, then bronchoscopy with BAL is indicated. Finally, many HIV-infected patients may present with pulmonary symptoms. They may have a normal CXR or a diffuse or focal pattern (Fig. 4). All patients are subjected to sputum induction to identify a pathogen. If one is identified, it is treated. Should the patient not respond to treatment adequately or a pulmonary pathogen is not found, then bronchoscopy with BAL, protected specimen brush, or a transbronchial biopsy is attempted. The above schema is a general guideline to the initial evaluation of pulmonary disorders in the ICP. The respiratory abnormality is found in most of the cases if these algorithms are closely followed. If the patient does not improve or deteriorates further, additional diagnostic procedures such as video-assisted thorascopic lung biopsy or CT-directed transthoracic needle biopsy may be needed.
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PMID:The initial pulmonary evaluation of the immunocompromised patient. 1007 78

We sought to determine if optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), a surrogate measure of ICP, is increased in high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Five HAPE patients (one with a codiagnosis of high altitude cerebral edema [HACE]) treated at the Himalayan Rescue Association clinic in Pheriche, Nepal (4240 m), underwent optic nerve sheath ultrasonography (ONSU) at admission to determine ONSD. Results were compared to ONSD in 32 control subjects at the same altitude without evidence of altitude illness. Four of the five HAPE patients underwent repeat ONSU at discharge. All exams were read by two blinded observers. The mean ONSD for HAPE patients on presentation was 5.7 +/- 0.44 mm and for controls was 4.7 +/- 0.56 mm (p = 0.003). Excluding the patient with a coexistent clinical diagnosis of HACE, mean ONSD at presentation for the other four HAPE patients was 5.7 +/- 0.50 mm and was significantly different from controls (p = 0.007). In the four HAPE patients with repeat exams, ONSD decreased by 17% +/- 15% (95% CI 4-30%) between admission and discharge. We conclude that HAPE is associated with increased ONSD, a surrogate measure of increased ICP.
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PMID:Evidence for increased intracranial pressure in high altitude pulmonary edema. 1808 9