Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fluosol (20% intravascular perfluorochemical emulsion) is an oxygen-carrying emulsion used to deliver oxygen to ischemic myocardium during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Fluosol is composed of two perfluorochemicals, perfluorodecalin and perfluorotripropylamine. It has a high capacity for oxygen solubility, a low viscosity, and a small particle size. Following administration, the perfluorochemicals in fluosol are not metabolized. Rather, most are expired as gaseous particles through the lungs; the remainder are taken up by the organs of the reticuloendothelial system and later expired. When administered during balloon inflation in PTCA, fluosol preserves ventricular wall motion and global left ventricular ejection fraction. In addition, it minimizes ST segment changes and preserves cardiac output. Fluosol may be especially useful in patients who have poor contractile reserve, multivessel disease, or serious underlying illness. Other uses under investigation include limitation of myocardial infarct size and chemosensitization or radiosensitization of malignant tumors. Adverse effects secondary to the use of fluosol include ventricular arrhythmias, pruritus, bradycardia, chest pain, dyspnea, and increased respiratory rate. Fluosol must be thawed, admixed, warmed to body temperature, and oxygenated prior to intracoronary administration. The usual administration rate is 60 mL/min during each balloon inflation.
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PMID:Fluosol: an oxygen-delivery fluid for use in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. 227 37

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and side-effects of sublingual buprenorphine, a synthetic opioid agonist antagonist, with those of subcutaneous morphine. Fifty ASA class 1 patients were included in the study after having given their informed consent. Caesarean section was carried out under epidural block with 0.5% bupivacaine; no opioids were used during the procedure. The first dose of opioid was given 2 h after the first dose of bupivacaine. Patients were randomly given either 10 mg morphine (n = 25) or 0.4 mg buprenorphine (n = 25), followed by the same dose every 6 h for 36 h. When analgesia was insufficient, tablets containing dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol were given. No attempt was made to blind the study to the patient, but the investigator assessing pain was unaware of the drug given to the patient. Pain intensity was assessed before, and 2 h after each dose of opioid with a 100 mm visual scale, as well as systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, heart and breathing rates, and SpO2. Side-effects (pruritus, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness) were also noted. In 2 patients in each group, the protocol was stopped before the 36th h, but after the fourth dose, either because of side-effects, or at the patient's request. Results were similar in both groups of patients, whether for degree of pain relief, or physiological effects. There was no clinically detectable respiratory depression. Duration and intensity of episodes of arterial oxygen desaturation, and the incidence of nausea, were similar in the 2 groups; pruritus was more common in the morphine group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Postoperative analgesia after cesarean section: sublingual buprenorphine versus subcutaneous morphine]. 237 54

The safety and efficacy of premedication with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) was compared with that of an orally administered solution of meperidine, diazepam, and atropine and no premedication in 59 children about to undergo elective operations. The patients were randomly assigned to receive no premedication (n = 19); 0.25 ml/kg of the oral solution (containing meperidine, 1.5 mg/kg, diazepam, 0.2 mg/kg, and atropine, 0.02 mg/kg, n = 20); or OTFC (15-20 micrograms/kg, n = 20). Children had activity (sedation) and anxiety scores, vital signs (including systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures and heart and respiratory rates) and pulse oximetry determined oxygen saturation measured before and at 10-min intervals after premedication until they were taken to the operating room. Quality of induction and recovery was evaluated using scoring schedules; recovery times were measured and side effects noted. OTFC was readily accepted and provided significant reductions in preoperative activity (sedation) and anxiety starting after 30 min. After OTFC, sedation and anxiolysis were significantly greater than in children having no premedication but similar to children having the oral solution for premedication. Vital signs and oxygen saturations remained unchanged preoperatively in all groups. Induction and recovery evaluations and recovery times were similar in the three groups, although children having OTFC had the lowest requirements for narcotics in the recovery room. OTFC caused an 80% incidence of mild preoperative facial pruritus and a higher overall incidence of postoperative vomiting (37%) than premedication with the oral solution (5%) or no premedication (18%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and an oral solution of meperidine, diazepam, and atropine for premedication in children. 264 97

Initial studies have suggested that oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) in a dose of 15-20 micrograms/kg may be a safe and effective preanesthetic medication in children and adults, but this has not been demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The purpose of this study was to determine in a randomized, double-blind manner, the efficacy of a lollipop containing fentanyl citrate as a preanesthetic medication before surgery in children. Forty health ASA physical status 1 or 2 children 3-12 yr of age were divided randomly and in double-blind fashion into two groups. Group 1 received the lollipop containing OTFC and group 2 received a placebo lollipop. An appropriate size lollipop was chosen so that if the patient received fentanyl, the total dose would be 15-20 micrograms/kg. Anxiety, sedation, and separation scores were assessed preoperatively and ease of induction was rated. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate were monitored. Time intervals from preanesthetic to induction and from recovery room (PACU) admission to discharge were noted. Recovery room behavior was assessed upon admission and discharge. Complications and the need for postoperative opioids were noted. OTFC produced significantly more sedation and less anxiety compared with that following placebo. Respiratory rate was significantly decreased in the OTFC group, but oxygen saturation was not significantly different between groups. Anxiety and separation scores and the quality of induction were better in the OTFC group. There was a higher incidence of nausea and pruritus in the fentanyl group. OTFC did not prolong the PACU stay.
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PMID:Preanesthetic medication in children: a comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo. 267

The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of four doses of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) as a premedicant in 44 children about to undergo elective operations. The patients received 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, or 20-25 micrograms.kg-1 of OTFC in the holding area and had activity (sedation) scores, vital signs (including systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures, heart, and respiratory rates), and pulse oximetry determined oxygen saturation measured before and at 15-min intervals after premedication until they were taken to the operating room. Cooperation during anesthetic induction, and quality and speed of recovery room emergence were measured and side effects noted. OTFC was readily accepted and provided significant (dose dependent) reductions in preoperative activity starting after 30 min. Onset of sedation was related to dose of OTFC but time to peak effect was not. Vital signs remained unchanged preoperatively in all groups but patients receiving 20-25 micrograms.kg-1 had oxygen saturations that were significantly lower than patients in the other groups 30 min after beginning OTFC consumption. Three of the 12 patients receiving the highest dose of OTFC experienced transient oxygen saturation less than 90% which, however, was easily treated by commands to take a breath. Anesthetic inductions were rated good or excellent in 80% of the patients and recovery times were similar irrespective of the OTFC dose. OTFC caused dose-independent preoperative pruritus in 90% or more of patients and pruritus (33%-70%), nausea (30%-58%), and vomiting (50%-83%) postoperatively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in children. 274 65

Many classes of drugs exert anti-inflammatory activity through mechanisms which affect all or part of the inflammatory process. Some of these agents are beneficial in the practice of dermatology, while others, such as penicillamine, mast cell blockers and serotonin antagonists, find little or no application. Corticosteroids, for example, are nonspecific in their anti-inflammatory effects and remain a mainstay of therapy, despite their side effect profile. Other drugs, such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or gold, can be used in the treatment of diseases associated with rheumatic or autoimmune states. Moreover, antihistamines play an important role in the control of itching, but are mainly indicated in controlling non-dermatological allergic sequelae. Interestingly, chloroquine and dapsone, which were originally developed for use in malaria prophylaxis and leprosy, respectively, have value in treating a wide range of dermatological conditions via mechanisms which include the inhibition of P-450 isoenzymes. In diseases characterised by disturbed cornification (e.g. psoriasis pustulosa), retinoids are of particular value. These drugs are thought to act by inhibition of collagenases, proteases and granulocyte migration. Undoubtedly, further investigation of drug classes such as oxygen radical controllers and immunomodulators will clarify their mechanisms and establish their therapeutic usefulness among the anti-inflammatory agents now available for dermatological use.
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PMID:The present status of anti-inflammatory agents in dermatology. 307 31

Thirty-four healthy human subjects were exposed to shallow air saturation for 48 h [1.77 ATA (25.5 fsw) n = 19, 1.89 ATA (29.5 fsw) n = 15] and then decompressed to 1 ATA (0 fsw) in about 2 min. Symptoms included fatigue, limb and joint pain, headache, myalgias, and pruritus. No subject of 19 was diagnosed as having decompression sickness (DCS) after the shallower exposure, but 4 of 15 were diagnosed and treated for DCS subsequent to the deeper exposure. Almost all subjects in both groups had Doppler-detectable venous gas emboli (VGE) lasting up to 12 h postdecompression. Treated subjects had a recurrence of VGE several hours after the hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Only the duration of VGE, and not the VGE score, correlated with symptoms; and only the subjects body weight and age correlated with the VGE variables. This study indicates that hyperbaric air exposures of this magnitude are not as benign as previously thought.
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PMID:Direct ascent from shallow air saturation exposures. 353

A group of 30 patients undergoing various operative procedures were anesthetized using high dose epidural morphine 20 mg in 15 ml of normal saline, thiopentone induction, endotracheal intubation and muscle relaxation with pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg and controlled ventilation with oxygen and nitrous oxide. Operative conditions and patient acceptance of the technique were satisfactory. There was cardiovascular stability and prolonged postoperative analgesia. Pruritus was observed in three patients and urinary retention in one and were adequately treated. Early mild respiratory depression occurred in one patient and this was treated with naloxone. High dose epidural morphine is efficacious and safe in providing intraoperative and postoperative analgesia.
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PMID:High dose epidural morphine for surgical analgesia. 384 Feb 24

Solcoseryl, a protein-free haemodialysate, promotes tissue regeneration and improves utilization of oxygen in the cell. In a randomized, double-blind, clinical study, Solcoseryl Eye-Gel was compared with Cysteine Eye-Gel in the treatment of foreign-body injuries of the cornea in a total of 99 eyes. In order to facilitate objective evaluation of the effects of the treatment, the area of the lesion before the start of treatment and on the following day was determined by means of slit-lamp photographs. Healing of the lesion and relative reduction of the area of the wound were observed much more frequently in the group treated with Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than in the reference group. Maculae corneae after the end of the treatment were significantly less frequent under Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than under Cysteine Eye-Gel. Teh tolerability of the test preparation was good; an itching sensation was reported in only 2 cases. Under Cysteine Eye-Gel, on the other hand, a burning sensation was reported by a number of patients and very fine deposits in the epithelium were also observed in a few cases. Thus complete closure of the epithelium over the lesion after 1 day was observed much more frequently in the group of patients treated with Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than in the reference group (63 vs. 53%).
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PMID:A comparative clinical study of Solcoseryl Eye-Gel and Cysteine Eye-Gel 2.4% in the treatment of foreign-body injuries of the cornea. 647 96

The toxic oil syndrome is a new multisystemic disease, caused by ingestion of adulterated olive oil; this oil had a part of rapeseed oil, which was denatured with aniline for industrial use, and then re-refined. It is estimated that 20,000 people were more or less affected, the mortality being 1.7%. There is no clear pathogenetic mechanism, but the most probable is the generation of free radicals, caused by anilides. The clinical picture began with fever, acute interstitial pneumonia, pruritus, exanthems, myalgias and eosinophilia. The main pathological findings were generalized endothelial lesions, septal oedema, mild inflammatory mononuclear infiltrates and hydropic degeneration of type I and II pneumocytes with desquamation of type I. The pneumonic syndrome had a favourable evolution, except in 5% of the patients who went into acute respiratory distress and suffered an important mortality. In 10% of the patients, a moderate hypoxaemia remained with normal chest film; in these cases, a transbronchial biopsy showed more severe endothelial lesions and, in some of these patients, it was possible to find clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension, which was moderate and did not improve with oxygen or vasoactive agents. The neurological symptomatology was progressive, leading to very severe muscular atrophy and, in some cases, to alveolar hypoventilation. The neuromyopathy, as the other clinical manifestations, improved slowly during the following months. A year after the onset, a pulmonary restriction with a low transfer factor of CO remained, and some patients had residual neuromyopathy and severe scleroderma-like lesions of the skin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pulmonary function tests at different stages of toxic oil syndrome]. 647 85


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