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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exercise is a physical cause of allergic reactions, including exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIAna), exercise-induced urticaria (EIU), exercise-induced asthma (EIA), and exercise-induced rhinitis (EIR). Since its first description in 1979, EIAna has been reported with variable clinical manifestations, with exercise alone, and in combination with food ingestion. Elevated serum histamine levels and cutaneous mast cell degranulation have been noted. Exercise-induced urticaria appears as small, punctate lesions that differ from the classic coalescent type seen with EIAna. Variant forms of EIAna with cholinergic urticarial lesions manifesting systemic collapse and/or respiratory distress have been studied. Exercise-induced urticaria and cold-induced urticaria may cause elevated plasma histamine levels coincident with the onset of pruritus and hives. Theories accounting for EIA include respiratory heat loss, water loss, and mast cell activation. Although some studies have shown increased plasma histamine with EIA, others have not. Recently, bronchoalveolar lavage in atopic subjects with EIA has been evaluated preexercise and postexercise, with no significant differences in histamine or tryptase, suggesting a pathogenesis of EIA independent of the mast cell. Exercise-induced rhinitis, with varying degrees of rhinorrhea, congestion, and sneezing, has been increasingly recognized in athletes who run, cycle, and ski. Cold-air-induced rhinorrhea in laboratory challenges displays a mediator release pattern similar to that produced by allergen-induced nasal challenges. Therapeutically, H1 antihistamines are recommended for EIAna both as pretreatment and acute therapy. H1 antihistamines may be helpful in EIU, but are recommended for EIAna both as pretreatment and acute therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Exercise-induced allergies: the role of histamine release. 137 Oct 41

The effects of regular dish-washing on the stratum corneum barrier function, as determined by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and objective and subjective skin parameters, were investigated in a 'use test' performed by 18 healthy volunteers. Hands were soaked in a 0.05% solution of a commercial dish-washing product (three times/day, for 15 min, at 37 degrees C) over a period of 3 weeks; one hand was unprotected and the other was protected with a commercial rubber glove. TEWL increased in 13/18 volunteers by more than 25% above baseline on exposed hands within the first 2 weeks of the study. Objective skin signs (erythema, scaling, fissures) and subjective symptoms (itching, dryness, smarting) occurred almost exclusively in subjects with substantial TEWL increases and were most prominent 1-2 weeks following peak TEWL values. There was a highly significant correlation between cumulative relative symptom scores and TEWL changes. TEWL increase and symptom scores were not correlated with a history of inhalant allergy and/or elevated serum IgE levels. Three volunteers, who had shown the highest increase of TEWL values and the most intense clinical reactions to the detergent were subjected to a control experiment in which one hand was soaked in warm tap-water following the same experimental protocol. No significant effects on TEWL values or skin symptoms were observed. We conclude that regular exposure to low concentrations of detergents as used for dish-washing is capable of inducing skin lesions in a substantial proportion of individuals.
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PMID:The influence of daily dish-washing with synthetic detergent on human skin. 139 Jan 41

Thirty-eight workers from a factory producing nickel-cadmium and other types of batteries came to us for medical evaluation. They included 21 women and 17 men (seniority 2-20 years, age range 31-63 years), and represented a self-selected subset of 700-900 ever-employed and 200+ recently or currently employed workers in the factory. Thirty-four worked on the nickel-cadmium assembly line. Symptoms and signs included: headache in 34; weakness, fatigue and lassitude in 26; dizziness in 16; pruritus and skin eruptions in 37; gingivitis, teeth loss and caries in 34; nasal congestion, nosebleeds and anosmia in 30; cough, phlegm production, wheezing and shortness of breath in 26; "asthma" in 14; bone pain in 18; urinary frequency, beta 2 microglobulinuria and kidney stones in 17; and sterility or multiple abortions (33) in 8 of 21 women. One additional patient had died from an "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndrome", while CT scans in six workers revealed brain atrophy. One other worker had leukemia, and two had died from cancer (lung and pancreas). Those who had worked for more than 10 years had more symptoms and signs than shorter-term employees, especially neurological illness, bone pain and urinary tract problems, including beta 2 microglobulinuria. Past blood and urinary cadmium levels were in the range of 1.6-8.7 micrograms/dl and 8-306 micrograms/l, respectively. Our findings indicated that: a) health risks for workers were not confined to the nickel-cadmium assembly line or to older workers, b) hazardous exposures still existed and illness appeared in new workers after a clean-up and intervention program, and c) exposures involved increased risks for renal disease and cancers. Finally, there is a need to control exposures and determine health risks in the full cohort of those ever employed, in the workers' children, and in the surrounding environment (air, ground, water) due to the dumping of waste from the plant.
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PMID:Medical findings in nickel-cadmium battery workers. 142 13

A eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) contains 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine in an oil and water emulsion and has been found to give effective, safe analgesia on normal and diseased skin, making it useful for numerous medical and surgical procedures, such as anesthesia for superficial surgery, split-thickness skin grafts, venipuncture, argon laser treatment, epilation, and debridement of infected ulcers. Other indications have included use in postherpetic neuralgia, hyperhidrosis, painful ulcers, and inhibition of itching and burning. To be effective, EMLA should ideally be applied to the desired area for at least 1 hour under an occlusive dressing. The medication has been approved since May 1991 in Canada for use on intact skin and has been available in Europe for many years. This study discusses the background, efficacy, and current and potential uses of EMLA.
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PMID:EMLA. A new and effective topical anesthetic. 815 Oct 42

In 1986-1988, adverse anaphylactoid reactions (AR) were observed in animals in Czechoslovakia after the administration of oil adjuvant-containing vaccines or other lipoid drugs. Treated animals showed signs resembling the classic anaphylactic reaction, i.e. restlessness, salivation, pruritus, oedema and cyanosis of udder and vulva, and eyelid oedema, developing within a few minutes. The reactions were not elicited by the antigen alone, but by the oil adjuvant. The aim of our experiments was to identify substances eliciting the reaction in susceptible animals and to investigate possible induction mechanisms. The emulsifier Tween 80 has been demonstrated to be an AR inducing component of vaccines and drugs (Tab. I and III). Weak or moderate reactions were observed in 33% of animals treated with 5% Tween and 66% of those treated with 10% Tween showed strong reactions. On the other hand, no reactions were elicited by treatment with several paraffin oils of different quality (Tab. I) nor with an oil-in-water emulsion containing Montanid as an emulsifier (Tab. II). The role of the vegetative nervous system in the rise of AR has been confirmed. AR were suppressed in animals pretreated with parasympatholytic atropine and enhanced in a part of those pretreated with parasympathomimetic pilocarpine (Tab. III). The percentage of animals affected and the intensity of AR were also lower in animals pretreated with complement inhibitor epsilon-aminocapronic acid (Tab. IV). A major role of complement activation is suggested in the discussion of possible mechanisms of AR induction. It is possible to draw a conclusion on the basis of the results presented here and of the analysis of individual cases that a certain degree of animal susceptibility, depending on the phase of reproductive cycle, metabolism level and neurovegetative balance is necessary besides the administration of an AR inducer (Tween 80 in our case). Hence it seems that the adverse anaphylactoid reactions results from interactions of the two factors, i.e. administration of an AR inducer to susceptible animals.
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PMID:[Causes of anaphylactoid reactions in cattle after administration of lipoid preparations]. 148 39

Neurodermatitis is a multiphasic disease, yet despite intensive research, its etiopathogenesis still remains unclear. A large number of immunological and nonimmunological dysfunctions as well as their diverse interplay lead to very different types of manifestation. Consequently, treatment must also be varied and is mainly determined by the clinical picture. External therapy without glucocorticoids is no longer conceivable in acute and subacute dermatological conditions, although attenuated glucocorticoids which have the least amount of side effects should always be used. Improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of hydrocortisone can be achieved by combining it with urea which, depending on the vehicle used, represents one of the most effective penetration promoters for this glucocorticoid. Fighting the symptoms of dry skin and itching are of central importance in the follow-up treatment and prophylaxis of neurodermatitis. Here, urea preparations have been applied with great success. Urea's efficacy in the skin is largely based on its ability to elevate the water-binding capacity of the corneal layer, on its keratoplastic properties, its antipruriginous effect and its proliferation-suppressant action. However, the intensity and the duration of this therapeutic efficacy are dependent on several factors which must be taken into consideration in the galenics of urea preparations. As a whole, there is a multitude of possibilities for the use of urea in the therapy, follow-up and prophylaxis of neurodermatitis which we have only just begun to exploit in full.
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PMID:[Introduction neurodermatitis and urea]. 155 36

Not until corticosteroids came into use did it become possible for modern dermatotherapy to cure numerous skin diseases, and if not cure them, at least rapidly lead to major improvements and the transition to symptom-free intervals. Through indiscriminate use, corticosteroid therapy has become discredited by patient and doctor alike due to the increased incidence of side effects. Due to this intensified rejection--bordering on "cortisone phobia"--corticosteroids today are often not being used when justifiable or even when mandatory. Most side effects can be avoided or reduced if the instructions for use are properly adhered to, thus increasing acceptance. Another way of further improving compliance is the use of low-side effect corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, since now the difference in effective strength compared to potent halogenated preparations can be compensated by the addition of 10% urea. With regard to active strength, a hydrocortisone/urea combination preparation should be used like a medium-strength cortisone preparation and is particularly suited for the long-term therapy of chronic dermatosis. Additional properties of urea, such as alleviation of itching and water binding, which are important in the treatment of chronic eczemas, enhance hydrocortisone in combination preparations.
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PMID:[Paths to a rational cortisone therapy via urea supplements--countering cortisone phobia]. 155 40

In the development of clinical symptoms of atopic constitutional neurodermatitis, the application of urea can 1. regulate corneal layer lipids by hydrating the corneal layer and influencing transepidermal water loss, 2. reduce itching via inhibition of tryptic enzymes in the skin and, 3. diminish the susceptibility of the skin to infection by directly acting on the cell membranes of bacteria and fungi. In the present study, the combination of urea and hydrocortisone was used for acute attacks and urea ointment for chronic therapy. The study comprised 1905 patients ranging from small children to adults and was conducted by dermatologists as well as pediatricians. Medical monitors supervised the course of the study. Statistical assessment of the results obtained consolidated previous knowledge and led to new results and epidemiological insights which will be presented at the Neurodermatitis Symposium. Urea therapy in the form of a hydrocortisone-urea ointment represents an effective and low-side effect therapy of this type of chronic dermatosis. 84% of the patients showed very good to good results. Local therapy with other corticosteroids was only reported as necessary in 16% of the cases. The antiinflammatory value of hydrocortisone and its high tolerability became particularly evident. In addition to its special properties in the therapy of neurodermatitis, urea also ranks high as a physiological substitution.
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PMID:[Results and consequences of long-term urea therapy for clinical practice]. 155 45

Twenty dogs with atopy or idiopathic pruritus were treated in a double-blinded clinical trial with computer-randomized and computer-generated sequences of 4 fatty acid-containing products: evening primrose oil, cold water marine fish oil, DVM Derm Caps, and EfaVet. Each dog received each product for a 2-week period. Five of 20 dogs (25%) had a good-to-excellent reduction in their level of pruritus with at least 1 of the products: evening primrose oil (2 dogs), DVM Derm Caps (1), EfaVet (1), DVM Derm Caps and cold water marine fish oil (1). Only 1 dog experienced a side effect (loose stools). Clinical response to fatty acid supplements appeared to be quite individualized, and independent of age, breed, sex, weight, duration of disease, specific diagnosis, or number of positive intradermal test reactions.
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PMID:Comparison of the clinical efficacy of two commercial fatty acid supplements (EfaVet and DVM Derm Caps), evening primrose oil, and cold water marine fish oil in the management of allergic pruritus in dogs: a double-blinded study. 164 83

An 8-year-old gelding, with a 1-year history of intense pruritus only after exercise, was diagnosed as having cholinergic pruritus. Provocative testing, using exercise and hot-water baths to increase core body temperature, assisted in the diagnosis. Cholinergic pruritus in human beings is a variant of the more common syndrome, cholinergic urticaria, which is characterized by intense pruritus and pinpoint urticaria. With cholinergic pruritus, intense itching results without urticaria. Specific diagnostic laboratory tests have not been developed.
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PMID:Cholinergic pruritus in a horse. 164 53


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