Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma histamine concentrations were measured using a commercially available monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay in 38 patients with nephrotic syndrome, end stage renal failure, those receiving haemodialysis, and those receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to determine whether histamine may mediate damage to glomerular capillaries and arterial endothelium. Plasma histamine concentrations were significantly increased in all four patient groups when compared with those of controls and were the highest in two patients with pruritus. Raised plasma histamine concentrations in such patients are consistent with the hypothesis that histamine may contribute to the damage to glomerular capillaries and to arterial endothelium. These effects may be relevant to the pathogenesis of glomerular disease and atherosclerosis. Histamine may also contribute to the pathogenesis of pruritus in patients with chronic renal failure.
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PMID:Plasma histamine in patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. 201 27

Pruritus is a frequent symptom in chronic cholestatic liver disease. To date, no single causative mechanism has been identified. We examined venous plasma concentrations of the known pruritogen, histamine, using a highly sensitive radioenzymatic assay in 42 patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease, and in normal controls. The mean plasma histamine level was significantly greater in chronic cholestatic liver disease patients (275 (117) pg/ml; X (SD) than in controls (140 (72) pg/ml, n = 20) (p less than 0.0001). No significant differences were found between histamine concentrations in the two chronic cholestatic liver disease subgroups: primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis. Histamine concentrations were significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the pruritic (319 (132) pg/ml) as compared with the non-pruritic (227 (75) pg/ml) chronic cholestatic liver disease patients. The histaminase activity was equivalent in patients and controls. The finding of raised histamine concentrations in chronic cholestatic liver disease suggests in vivo mast cell activation and a potential role for its mediators in the pruritus characteristic of these disorders.
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PMID:Raised histamine concentrations in chronic cholestatic liver disease. 210 78

A 59-year-old male presented with systemic mastocytosis with extensive skeletal involvement resulting in vertebral compression fractures and bone pain. Histomorphometric analysis of bone revealed increased mast cells, elevated static parameters of bone resorption, and low bone formation. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were normal; however, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and osteocalcin levels were low. Histamine levels in plasma and urine were elevated. Following therapy with ketotifen, the patient had resolution of bone pain along with decreased flushing and pruritus. Elevated plasma and urine histamine levels normalized, as did 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and osteocalcin levels. Indices of low bone formation improved on therapy. Eroded surfaces improved but remained elevated. This case is the first demonstration that bone symptoms and histomorphometric change in systemic mastocytosis are reversed with inhibition of mast cell degranulation. The role of mast cells and their products in bone metabolism is poorly understood, but the therapy of bone disease in systemic mastocytosis should include inhibition of the release of mast cell products along with the use of histamine antagonist.
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PMID:Inhibition of mediator release in systemic mastocytosis is associated with reversal of bone changes. 227 Jul 75

Histamine iontophoresis is demonstrated to be a reliable model for the study of inflammatory skin responses. It has the advantage of a non-invasive and uniform mode of application and is free of unwanted side effects. The wheal and flare responses to histamine are linearly related to dose over a wide range of stimulus strengths (r = 0.88). In summer, wheal responses were smaller, probably due to increased thickness of the epidermis. Female subjects generally expressed larger wheal responses than males, presumably due to differences in epidermal thickness and structure. There were significant regional differences in wheal, flare, and laser Doppler recorded flux responses. Ratings of itch sensations also showed clear, but less pronounced, differences of body regions. Significant regional differences of wheal and flare responses existed. Sensory discrimination of different stimulus levels was demonstrated with visual analogue scale ratings.
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PMID:Properties of transdermal histamine iontophoresis: differential effects of season, gender, and body region. 230 54

The possible role of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in nasal allergy was investigated in healthy volunteers. Nasal blood flow, nasal airway resistance, nasal discharge and nasal itching and sneezing were examined. LTD4 was found to induce a dose-response related increase in nasal mucosal blood flow as measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Histamine exhibited similar effects on blood flow in the same concentration range. Nasal airway resistance as recorded by rhinomanometry, increased in a dose-related manner after topical LTD4. Nasal secretion was obtained by nasal lavage and estimated from a dilution principle. Topical LTD4 did not increase the amount of nasal secretion, whereas a dose-related increase was found after topical histamine. LTD4 did not cause itching, sneezing or other irritative symptoms. In conclusion, LTD4 may play a role in nasal allergy by increasing blood flow and nasal airway resistance. Itching, sneezing and discharge, however, are apparently not caused by LTD4 but can be accounted for by the release of histamine or other mediators.
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PMID:Effect of leukotriene D4 on nasal mucosal blood flow, nasal airway resistance and nasal secretion in humans. 242 55

Nasal challenges with pollen grains represent one of the techniques of provocation. However, the clinical criteria of positivity are not clearly established. Nasal challenges with increasing numbers of orchard-grass pollen grains were performed in 60 patients allergic to grass pollens and 20 normal subjects. Before any challenge, the nose was washed three times with saline and then lactose, and 50, 150, 450, 1350, and 4050 orchard-grass pollen grains were insufflated into the nostrils until a symptom score of 5 was reached. This score was mainly based on major symptoms of allergic rhinitis, for example, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezes, and to a lesser extent, on minor symptoms, such as pruritus, conjunctivitis, and pharyngitis. Nasal secretions were obtained after each challenge by lavage. Histamine was titrated by a radioimmunoassay with a monoclonal antibody against acylated histamine. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was assayed with an enzyme immunoassay with a polyclonal antibody against PGD2 methoxamine. None of the normal subjects had a symptom score greater than 2; 55/60 patients had a positive challenge. The release of PGD2 was significantly (p less than 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test) correlated with a symptom score of 5; 74.5% of patients had a significant release of PGD2 in nasal secretions. In contrast, although 58.2% of patients had a release of histamine in nasal secretions when the challenge was positive, the correlation with symptom scores was not significant. PGD2 in nasal secretions increased 3.7-fold after a positive nasal challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Correlation between symptoms and the threshold for release of mediators in nasal secretions during nasal challenge with grass-pollen grains. 246 5

Apart from increased production of immunoglobulin E antibodies and disturbed T-cell regulation, altered patterns of releasability of vasoactive mediators have been described in patients with atopic eczema. The best studied substance is histamine which is a classical inducer of pruritus in man. Elevated concentrations of histamine have been found in vivo in the skin and in the plasma of patients with atopic eczema especially during exacerbation of the disease. Similar findings have been described for other atopic diseases as extrinsic bronchial asthma. Histamine acts via characteristic receptors; symptoms as itch, wheal formation, mucus production, contraction of smooth muscle, tachycardia H2-effects include acid secretion in the stomach as well as the development of flush and itch reactions, blood pressure changes and cardiac arrhythmia. Of special interest is an inhibitory effect of histamine on lymphocyte reactions mediated via a H2-receptor. The existence of a new H3-receptor in the brain serving as autocrine feed-back inhibitor of histaminergic neurones has been established in the rat but not yet in man. In vitro an increased histamine releasability of peripheral leukocytes has been found after stimulation with a variety of different substances. The difference between patients with atopic eczema and normals is generally most pronounced after stimulation with anti-IgE. There is, however, a tendency towards an increased spontaneous histamine release compared to normals. The release reaction of histamine seems to occur more rapidly in atopics compared to normals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Histamine and atopic eczema. 247 78

Histamine poisoning results from the consumption of foods, typically certain types of fish and cheeses, that contain unusually high levels of histamine. Spoiled fish of the families, Scombridae and Scomberesocidae (e.g. tuna, mackerel, bonito), are commonly implicated in incidents of histamine poisoning, which leads to the common usage of the term, "scombroid fish poisoning", to describe this illness. However, certain non-scombroid fish, most notably mahi-mahi, bluefish, and sardines, when spoiled are also commonly implicated in histamine poisoning. Also, on rare occasions, cheeses especially Swiss cheese, can be implicated in histamine poisoning. The symptoms of histamine poisoning generally resemble the symptoms encountered with IgE-mediated food allergies. The symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an oral burning sensation or peppery taste, hives, itching, red rash, and hypotension. The onset of the symptoms usually occurs within a few minutes after ingestion of the implicated food, and the duration of symptoms ranges from a few hours to 24 h. Antihistamines can be used effectively to treat this intoxication. Histamine is formed in foods by certain bacteria that are able to decarboxylate the amino acid, histidine. However, foods containing unusually high levels of histamine may not appear to be outwardly spoiled. Foods with histamine concentrations exceeding 50 mg per 100 g of food are generally considered to be hazardous. Histamine formation in fish can be prevented by proper handling and refrigerated storage while the control of histamine formation in cheese seems dependent on insuring that histamine-producing bacteria are not present in significant numbers in the raw milk.
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PMID:Histamine poisoning (scombroid fish poisoning): an allergy-like intoxication. 268 58

In order to explore the dynamics of the cellular response of the airway mucosa to allergen exposure, controlled daily allergen challenges were performed for 7 days during the pollen-free winter months in nine patients with strictly seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by birch pollen allergen. Symptoms obtained after the challenge were related to morphologic changes within and on the surface of the nasal mucosa. Cell samples were obtained daily prior to challenge from the nasal mucosa using mucosal imprints on plastic strips, brush samplings from the nasal mucosa, and nasal lavage. For light microscopy, the cellular material obtained by brushing and nasal lavage were cytocentrifuged onto object slides. Histamine was measured in the cell pellets that were obtained using the lavage and brush procedures as well as in the lavage supernatant fluid. Four symptoms (sneezes, itching, secretion, and blockage) were recorded and expressed individually as well as in the form of a composite symptom score. Nasal blockage was measured using a nasal peak flow meter. The patients displayed an increase in nasal symptoms after the allergen challenge, which was further increased between Days 2 to 7 (p less than 0.05). The light microscopic evaluation of the lavage revealed an immediate increase in eosinophils from 2.3 to 13.1% and was maintained on the same level throughout the period of challenges. A similar increase was noted in the brush specimens, and a strong correlation was obtained between these two methods of sampling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nasal mucosal response to repeated challenges with pollen allergen. 278 44

The release kinetics of histamine and leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and B4 (LTB4) were investigated in nasal secretions of 10 patients with hay fever after antigen challenge. High levels of biologically active histamine were found in nasal washes from asymptomatic allergic and normal subjects. With repeated lavages, the amount of histamine recovered dropped markedly. Grass pollen challenge was followed by a significant (p less than 0.05) dose-dependent and time-limited (5 min) increase in histamine level in 7 of 10 patients; these values, however, were lower than those found in basal conditions. In 8 of 10 patients with hay fever, antigen challenge induced a significant (p less than 0.05) dose-dependent increase in LTC4 level, which persisted for 30 min. The LTC4 generation was well correlated with the appearance of allergic symptoms; LTB4 production was found in 2 patients only. A different pattern of symptoms was observed after in vivo nasal stimulation with histamine and LTC4. Histamine caused sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction; conversely, the main symptom induced by LTC4 was a more pronounced and longer lasting nasal obstruction.
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PMID:Behavior and clinical relevance of histamine and leukotrienes C4 and B4 in grass pollen-induced rhinitis. 303 81


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