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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective, randomized, double-masked study of three commercially available ocular decongestant products was conducted to compare their relative efficacies in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. All three products contained a vasoconstrictor (naphazoline hydrochloride) and an antihistamine (antazoline phosphate or pheniramine maleate) in varying concentrations. Eighty-nine (89) patients presenting the ocular signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis were enrolled and randomly distributed among the three treatment groups. Patients were evaluated for three ocular signs (lid swelling, bulbar conjunctival inflammation and palpebral conjunctival inflammation) and three ocular symptoms (itching, tearing and discomfort). An overall follow-up impression of treatment results was also recorded. The treatment period lasted one week. The three preparations were found to vary greatly in patient comfort and acceptability but were not different in their ability to ameliorate the itching, tearing, redness, edema and discomfort when dosed topically for the relief of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:A double-masked comparison of ocular decongestants as therapy for allergic conjunctivitis. 633 68

Ten normal human volunteers participated in a two-part study of H2-receptor activity in the ocular surface. Dimethylaminopropylisothiourea (trivial name, dimaprit dihydrochloride), a highly selective H2-receptor agonist, produced vasodilation without itch. Pretreatment with the H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, significantly blocked the vasodilatory effect of dimethylaminopropylisothiourea, whereas pretreatment with the H1-receptor antagonist, antazoline phosphate, did not. We conclude that H2-receptors are present in the human ocular surface.
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PMID:H2-receptors in the human ocular surface. 645 Dec 12

Thirty-five patients with advanced cancers were treated with estramustine phosphate tablets (Estracyt). Doses ranged between 420 mg and 700 mg daily. One partial response was documented in a hormone resistant prostatic cancer patient. Four minor responses (less than 50% responses, or less than one month more than 50% response) were obtained; one in a hormone resistant prostatic cancer, two in metastatic colorectal cancers; and another in a malignant melanoma. Toxicity phenomena included nausea (9/35 - 25%), water retention (4/35 - 11.5%) and mild elevation of alkaline phosphatase (2/35 - 6%). Other toxicity effects were vaginal bleeding in two women, acne in one woman and mild pruritus in another patient. Myelosuppression and immune suppression were not significantly detected.
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PMID:Oral estramustine phosphate (Estracyt): a broad phase II study. 659 4

Parathyroidectomy was carried out in 26 patients over a 14-year period. Excellent results were obtained in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism. Vascular calcification, hypercalcaemia and pruritus did not justify surgery unless associated with unequivocal hyperparathyroidism. 13 patients required intravenous calcium infusion for up to 2 weeks to control post-operative hypocalcaemia. Calcium requirements could be predicted from the pre-operative plasma alkaline phosphatase level. Following operation continued treatment with vitamin D was necessary to prevent hypocalcaemia. Hyperparathyroidism recurred in 1 patient after 8 years and 4 patients developed osteomalacia. Since parathyroid hormone may have toxic effects other than those on bone, maintenance of normal levels should be a long-term objective in the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure. Where large parathyroid glands are present, surgical reduction in gland mass is a logical prelude to long-term suppression of parathyroid hormone with vitamin D and phosphate-binding agents.
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PMID:Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure. 668 30

An analysis of different problems raised by secondary hyperparathyroidism. This condition most often follows chronic renal failure responsible for hyperphosphataemia followed by hypocalcaemia which causes parathyroid stimulation with hyperplasia. Clinical features are dominated by osteopathic manifestations and pruritus. The diagnosis is based upon radiological examination of the skeleton, repeated measurement of serum calcium and phosphate levels and above all iliac crest biopsy. Surgical treatment is based essentially on total parathyroidectomy with autologous transplantation of parathyroid tissue into the muscles of the forearm. This is followed by study of 45 cases undergoing surgery with details concerning surveillance and postoperative care. The results were very satisfactory since amongst these 45 patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy, only two continued to suffer from bone pain.
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PMID:[Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Modern concepts of its diagnosis and treatment. Apropos of 45 cases]. 685 22

A total of 1059 persons from 14 different locations in Ibadan (the most populous city in tropical Africa) were interviewed to determine whether they had had itch reaction with each of the 12 4-aminoquinoline preparations (one amodiaquine hydrochloride, 11 chloroquine). The various trade and pharmacological names are listed in a table. Respondents were asked for what purpose the listed drugs were used: treatment of an attack of malaria fever; prevention of malaria; and other conditions or illnesses. The respondents were also asked how often each subject had an attack of malaria: monthly, every 3 months, every 6 months, once a year, once every 2-3 years, less often than this, never. Inquiry was made regarding details of the itch reaction since there was particular interest in the pruritus which, judging from previous studies, constitutes the 1 reaction most likely to make 4-aminoquinolines unpopular. Chloroquine sulphate tablets, the 8th most popular preparation, was the 6th on the list of itching incidence. There appeared to be no difference in the incidence of itching after chloroquine sulphate injection. Avloclor tablets, chloroquine phosphate injection tablets and Malarex and Aralen tablets gave a comparatively low incidence of itch reaction--3.4% and 1.4% respectively within the population studied. The incidence of itching after these 4-aminoquinoline preparations may also be estimated in the population sampled by finding the mean percentage of the subjects who itch within those who admitted taking each preparation mentioned in the questionnaire. The corrected percentage incidence gave an estimated mean of 28% compared with a mean incidence of 11% when projected to the whole population sampled. Most of the people (90%) used the 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials to treat an attack of malaria fever; 23% take them for prophylaxis and 7% in the population used the drugs for nonmalarial ailments. The misuse of the drugs for nonmalarial ailments may be related to their potency in treating malaria. In sum, the itch reaction failed to conform to a simple clinical pattern.
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PMID:Use and misuse of 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials in tropical Africa and re-examination of itch reaction to these drugs. 726 16

Frequent antihistaminic side effects noted during treatment of depression by tricyclic drugs, as well as the high affinity of tricyclic antidepressants for H1 receptors in mouse neuroblastoma cells, suggest possible useful antihistaminic properties. We investigated the antipruritic activity of topically applied 5% solutions of doxepin hydrochloride (Adapin; Sinequan) and amitriptyline hydrochloride (Elavil) and compared such activity to that of a 5% solution of diphenhydramine and vehicle alone. Test solutions were applied to 25-cm2 areas on the flexor forearms of forty subjects, and the development of itch to single drops of eight dilutions of histamine phosphate instilled in each area was reported over a 3-minute period. The lowest concentration of histamine able to elicit unequivocal itching in each treated area was the histamine itch threshold (HIT). Doxepin, amitriptyline, and diphenhydramine all produced significantly higher mean and median HITs (p less than 0.01 than did vehicle control. Sixty-eight percent of subjects had a HIT greater than or equal to 2 x 10(-4) mg/ml in doxepin-treated areas versus 58% for amitriptyline, 53% for diphenhydramine, and 25% for vehicle. Our data suggest that tricyclic antidepressants are effective topical antipruritic agents.
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PMID:Inhibition of histamine-induced pruritus by topical tricyclic antidepressants. 729 24

Some manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism affect most if not all patients with chronic renal failure and can affect many different organ systems. Proper medical treatment is essential and should be attempted before considering surgical intervention. The symptoms that most often resolve after parathyroidectomy include bone pain and intractable pruritus. Other useful indications for operation include a marked elevation of the parathyroid hormone level and the elevation of the calcium x phosphate product over 70. Both subtotal parathyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation have been advocated as the best operative approach. Each of these procedures has its own advantages and disadvantages which should be considered for each individual case. Localizing procedures should be reserved for patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, as diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia is the most common operative finding in secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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PMID:Indications for parathyroidectomy and extent of treatment for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. 774 53

The pathogenesis of pruritus in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis is unknown. Dryness of the skin is common in uraemic patients, and a correlation between xerosis and pruritus has been reported. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a measure of cutaneous barrier function and also reflects skin water content. In this study the transepidermal water loss was measured at four sites pre- and postdialysis in 20 subjects undergoing chronic haemodialysis and in 16 healthy controls. Patients were weighed before and after dialysis and blood was taken for measurement of urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and haemoglobin. All patients had parathyroid hormone measured within 3 months of the assessment. There was no significant difference in TEWL between patients and controls, with control values in general being between pre- and postdialysis rates of TEWL, and no correlation between TEWL and the presence or absence of pruritus. There was no significant differences between the pruritic and non-pruritic patients for any of the biochemical markers measured. Finally there was no significant correlation between the percentage water loss and TEWL. These findings indicate that pruritus of chronic haemodialysis is not related to abnormalities of cutaneous permeability.
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PMID:Relationship between pruritus, transepidermal water loss, and biochemical markers of renal itch in haemodialysis patients. 781 95

The efficacy of presoaked porcine collagen shields was compared with subconjunctivally injected corticosteroids and antibiotics in reducing ocular inflammation after ECCE with IOL implantation, and signs of reduced oxygen delivery to the cornea were assessed. Fifty eyes of fifty patients were recruited. At the end of surgery 25 eyes (group 1) received a 24-h shield presoaked with 0.1% betamethasone disodium phosphate and 0.5% netilmycin. The other 25 eyes (group 2) received 1 mg betamethasone disodium phosphate and 250 mg piperacillin as a subconjunctival injection. The eyes were then taped closed. Inflammatory parameters (anterior chamber flare, fibrin, folds of Descemet's membrane, corneal edema) and tolerability of the delivery system (pain, itching) were evaluated 24 h after surgery. None of the patients lost the shield and the collagen devices were well tolerated. Groups 1 and 2 showed no significant differences in the parameters considered. There was, however, transient, slight diffuse superficial corneal edema in 24% of group 1 and 4% of group 2, raising the question of inadequate oxygen transmission through collagen shields under closed lids. The results suggest that collagen shields used with the right solution have no significant adverse effect and may be a less invasive alternative to subconjunctival injection.
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PMID:Efficacy of collagen shields after extracapsular cataract extraction. 781 33


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