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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Smog in hot summers contains noxious agents resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels whose levels are highest in industrial areas. Reactions of the oxygen radical of ozone with sulfur dioxides, nitrous oxides, hydrocarbons and the water molecules of the nasal mucous membrane presumably support the formation of acids such as H2SO4 or HNO3 (from H2SO3 or HNO2 [3, 4]). Acid corrosion seems to damage the mucous membrane, leading to local erosions, bleeding, and necrotic changes. The collapsed local defense system and necrotic mucosa are an ideal culture medium for a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. Main signs of tissue pathology are bleeding spots or pustules, nasal congestion, degenerative mucositis, pruritus, as well as epipharyngeal and pharyngeal irritation. Therapy is possible with topical or oral antibiotics. Prophylaxis includes avoiding touching the mucous membranes and reducing outdoor activity on hot summer days. Further clinical and scientific examination would be helpful in determining additional explanations.
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PMID:[Does summer smog damage the nasal mucosa and contribute to bacterial rhinitis?]. 779 Feb 39

Allergic rhinitis commonly manifests for the first time in childhood or adolescence with seasonal or perennial sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and pruritus of the nose, eyes and throat. The nasal mucosa are pale blue and boggy, with a clear discharge. Patients should be instructed to avoid breathing tobacco smoke, to remove bedroom carpeting, to use foam pillows, to enclose mattresses and box springs in plastic covers, to keep house windows closed and to reduce indoor humidity by using air conditioning. If these avoidance procedures, together with oral and ocular antihistamines and/or decongestants, do not provide relief of symptoms, intranasal corticosteroids and cromolyn may be prescribed. Pharmacotherapy is more effective if it is used prophylactically. Second-generation antihistamines may reduce sedative and anticholinergic side effects. Intranasal decongestants should be used for only three to four days. Immunotherapy is appropriate for patients who remain unresponsive to therapy. Intranasal cromolyn should be the first drug considered in the treatment of pregnant women.
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PMID:Allergic rhinitis. 788 60

A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study involving 130 patients was conducted at 9 centres in the U.K. to assess the effect of 6 weeks of treatment with azelastine nasal spray (azelastine) and beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray (BDP) on the symptoms of perennial rhinitis. Efficacy was assessed by patients recording daily the severity of the symptoms of rhinitis on 10-cm visual analogue scales. Analysis of this diary data showed significant reductions in sneezing, blocked nose, running nose, and itching nose during azelastine treatment. Patients on BDP recorded a consistent reduction in rhinitis symptoms, but these reductions were significant only for sneezing on treatment day 7. When rhinitis symptoms were assessed by clinical investigators on a 4-point scale, the scores obtained following treatment with the 2 study medications showed little change from baseline or "active" treatment scores. There was no evidence of a consistent change in nasal airway resistance, measured using anterior rhinomanometry, following treatment with either BDP or azelastine. Azelastine nasal spray and BDP nasal spray were well tolerated by the patients and the relative incidence of adverse events was similar in the azelastine and placebo/azelastine treatment groups, except that taste perversion occurred more frequently during azelastine treatment than during placebo/azelastine treatment. There was no evidence of an increased incidence of somnolence or fatigue in patients who received azelastine nasal spray. Overall, the results of this study indicate that azelastine administered twice daily as an intranasal spray is a safe and efficacious treatment for the symptoms of rhinitis in patients suffering from mild to moderate perennial rhinitis.
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PMID:The effect of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone on the symptoms and signs of nasal allergy in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. 790 44

To investigate the incidence of latex IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, 224 hospital employees were interviewed and prick skin tests were performed to six common aeroallergen extracts, one non-latex "synthetic" glove extract, and four different latex glove extracts. Of the 224 subjects, there were 136 nurses, 41 laboratory technicians, 13 dental staff, 11 physicians, 6 respiratory therapists, and 17 housekeeping and clerical workers. All 224 subjects tested negative for the nonlatex glove (Tactylon) extract but 38 (17%) tested positive for latex extracts. The incidence ranged from 0% in housekeeping staff to 38% in dental staff. Eighty-four percent of the latex skin test-positive employees complained of itching and 68% of rash upon exposure to latex, whereas the latex skin test-negative employees reported these symptoms in 29% and 17%, respectively. Urticaria was a symptom in 55% of the latex skin test-positive and 0.5% of the skin test negative-subjects. Anaphylaxis occurred in 10.5% of the skin test-positive and in none of the skin test-negative employees. Symptoms of sneezing (34% vs 7%), nasal congestion (39% vs 7%), and lacrimation and ocular itching (45% vs 6%) were also significantly different between the latex skin test-positive and latex skin test-negative subjects. We conclude that the incidence of latex IgE-mediated allergy in hospital employees is 17%. The symptoms of anaphylaxis and hives when using latex gloves are sensitive predictors of IgE-mediated latex allergy.
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PMID:Latex allergy in hospital employees. 812 17

Our patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis usually present severe clinical symptoms. A single daily dose of cetirizine 10 mg might be insufficient for these patients. To investigate this hypothesis we compared clinical efficacy and adverse side effects between two daily doses of cetirizine, 10 and 20 mg. We designed a comparative open randomized study, including 38 patients, with hay fever sensitized to local pollens (grass, olive, parietaria judaica, chenopodium album, artemisia vulgaris and plantago lanceolata) diagnosed by clinical history and a positive skin prick test (wheal > 3 mm), 20 women and 18 men, aged 17 to 57 years (x: 31.32 +/- 9.73), living in the same geographic area. Randomly, after a week run in period, 21 subjects received a daily dose of cetirizine 10 mg during 2 weeks, and the other 17 received 10 mg twice a day. The symptomatic score used was based on: sneezes number, nasal itching, nasal secretion, nasal congestion, ocular itching, lacrimation, weight gain, sedation and additional methylprednisolone usage. All symptoms were scored on a 0-3 scale (0: absent; 1: mild; 2: moderate; 3: severe). A mean 8 points daily score during the previous week was required for recruitment. Nasal eosinophilia was determined at baseline and at the end of treatment. The study was conducted in may 1992. We did not find significant differences between the two groups, except in sneezes number and sedation. Both groups improved their symptoms, in comparison with the basal week (p < 0.01) and reduced their oral steroid use (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Comparative study between 10 and 20 mg of cetirizine in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis]. 816 May 62

We studied the relation between the amount of textile and other soft fiber wall materials used in the office and the symptoms related to sick building syndrome in two identical, mechanically ventilated, eight-story office buildings. The study population consisted of 400 workers (85% of the source population): 264 males (66%) and 136 females (34%). A self-administered questionnaire inquired about the occurrence of symptoms and related personal and environmental determinants. The office environment was assessed concurrently. Exposure was defined as the surface area of textile or other soft wall material (SWM) in the office. The outcomes were formed using the 7-d prevalences of individual symptoms, including mucosal irritation score (eye irritation, nasal dryness, nasal congestion, pharyngeal irritation); allergic reaction score (eye irritation, nasal congestion, nasal excretion, sneezing); asthma reaction score (wheezing, breathlessness, cough); skin reaction score (dryness, itch, or irritation, rash); and general symptom score (headache, lethargy). In the logistic regression controlling for potential confounders, the adjusted odds ratio for the symptoms of mucosal irritation was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.14, 2.90) in the low-exposure group, compared with the unexposed reference group; and 2.46 (95% CI = 1.15, 5.28) in the high-exposure group, compared with the reference group. Corresponding odds ratios for the symptoms of allergic reaction were 1.82 (95% CI = 1.14, 2.90) and 3.16 (95% CI = 1.41, 7.09). No difference was found in the risk for asthmatic or skin reactions or general symptoms. The results support a hypothesis that textile and other soft-fiber wall materials used in the office environment are possible determinants of sick building syndrome.
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PMID:Textile wall materials and sick building syndrome. 818 88

At a public office with a staff of 129, twenty people work for short periods with large amounts of self-copying paper. A controlled study has shown a significantly higher incidence of pruritus and nasal congestion amongst staff exposed to large amounts of self-copying paper or its components, no drying of the skin after working with the paper and no increased degree of irritation of the skin were found in the study group at dermatological examination. No differences were found between the study group and the control group with respect to allergy or skin status or working conditions apart from the contact with self-copying paper. The study confirms that contact with fresh self-copying paper may result in pruritus and skin irritation, but allergy to the paper or microcapsule contents could not be demonstrated in this study.
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PMID:[A study of skin and mucosal irritation and incidence of allergy among office staff exposed to self-copying paper]. 850 71

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a 21 amino acid peptide, and its receptors are distributed in the mammalian respiratory tract. To examine the responses of human upper airways to ET-1, we investigated the effects of intranasal administration of ET-1 to nine symptomatic allergic and nine nonallergic volunteers. Paper discs were used to administer ET-1 or diluent to one side of the nasal mucosa, and to collect secretions from the ipsilateral (challenged) and contralateral (opposite) nostrils. ET-1 (0.3-10 micrograms), but not diluent, induced dose-dependent bilateral increases in secretion weights, lysozyme secretion, symptoms of rhinorrhea and itch, and sneezing in both populations. ET-1 did not induce albumin secretion, histamine release, or symptoms of nasal congestion. Compared with the nonallergic subjects, allergic individuals sneezed more and had significantly higher bilateral secretion weights, contralateral lysozyme secretion, and symptoms of rhinorrhea following ET-1 provocation. In summary, ET-1 induced symptoms relevant to inflammatory upper airway diseases in allergic and nonallergic subjects. However, responses of allergic subjects were more pronounced, particularly with respect to symptoms associated with neural reflex responses, such as sneezing and contralateral secretion. Therefore, allergic inflammation enhances responsiveness of the nasal mucosa to ET-1.
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PMID:Effects of intranasal administration of endothelin-1 to allergic and nonallergic individuals. 852 Jul 34

Allergic rhinitis is frequently seen by primary care providers. Symptoms include rhinorrhea, itching of nose and eyes, nasal congestion, and sneezing. They occur when the patient is exposed to antigens stimulating mediator release. History is essential to assist differential diagnosis and provide education. This article reviews common findings of the physical exam, diagnostic testing, and differential diagnosis. The first line of treatment is avoidance, followed by medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal steroids. If these treatments are not effective, then referral to an allergist is necessary for further workup and possible treatment with immunotherapy.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. 853 25

This was an open, randomized, cross-over study comparing the efficacy and acceptability of aqueous nasal suspensions of budesonide, 200 micrograms b.i.d. and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), 100 micrograms q.i.d., each given for 6 weeks to patients with perennial rhinitis and a history of allergy. Forty men and women aged 18-65 years with perennial rhinitis diagnosed at least 1 year previously, were recruited for study provided they had at least two of the following symptoms of rhinitis--blocked nose, runny nose, itching nose or sneezing. They were requested to record the presence or absence of nasal and ocular symptoms on a severity scale of 0-3 (none, mild, moderate, severe) in daily diary cards. The sum of the nasal scores was calculated to give the total nasal symptom score. Mean individual symptom scores and total symptom score were calculated for each treatment. Thirty-seven patients completed the study. The mean total nasal symptom score was significantly lower during budesonide (2.13) than during BDP (2.75), P = 0.001. There were significantly fewer reports of blocked nose (P = 0.004), runny nose (P = 0.0005) and sore eyes (P = 0.047) during budesonide treatment compared with BDP. Four patients reported adverse events during budesonide treatment (two had nosebleeds and two nasal dryness) and three patients during BDP treatment (two had nasal dryness and one gastric discomfort). A significantly greater proportion of patients stated a preference for budesonide than for BDP on the basis of effect (P = 0.0001), side-effects (P = 0.01), and overall (P = 0.0001).
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PMID:A comparison of the efficacy and patient acceptability of budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal sprays in patients with perennial rhinitis. 854 67


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