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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An investigation of human infection with Onchocerca volvulus and the resulting clinical disease was carried out for the Nigerian National Onchocerciasis Control Programme between July and August 1989 [corrected]. The survey covered 10.6% of the rural population in 41 savanna villages of central Nigeria. Of the 8451 self-selected individuals examined, 900 (10.6%) had skin microfilariae (Mf). There were differences between villages in both endemicity and intensity of infection, but in general the number of both Mf carriers and cases of clinical onchocerciasis increased with age. The disease in the Mf carriers showed as blindness (0.8%), onchocercal nodules (0.6%), leopard skin (1.6%) and pruritus (2.8%). Of 35 persons with lymphatic complications, 19 had hanging groin, 10 had elephantiasis and six had hydrocoele. Onchocerciasis was mesoendemic in the rocky northern escarpments, and became hypoendemic and sporadic in the southern uplands of sedimentary geological origin.
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PMID:Human onchocerciasis in the lower Jos Plateau, central Nigeria: the prevalence, geographical distribution and epidemiology in Akwanga and Lafia local government areas. 130 6

Limbal Vernal kerato-conjunctivitis is the 6th most frequent diagnosis in the Ophthalmology service of CHU, Yaounde, Cameroon, and accounts for 2.8% of all clinic consultations. Only grades I and II of the disease (Diallo's classification) are found in this forest zone of Africa. Advanced stages which may cause corneal blindness being probably due to absence of xerophthalmia in this part of Africa. Both sexes are equally affected. Association with other allergic diseases is very rare and there is no hereditary tendency. Serum and tear Immunoglobulin assays in patients and controls of the same parent-hood showed no statistical differences (P > 0.05). Mast cell immunocytological studies might be more rewarding. Relief of pruritus is best with sodium cromoglycate and Naaga. However, in severe cases interrupted systemic steroids (not exceeding one week each time) are utilized. Poor drug compliance, due to costs is frequent; probably cautious cryo application in severe cases, might together with infrequent Naaga or sodium cromoglycate, procure longer remissions.
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PMID:Limbal vernal kerato-conjunctivitis in Yaounde, Cameroon. A clinico-immunology study. 166 47

A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ivermectin was started in 1987 in 6 villages in southern Sierra Leone. 1625 villagers, 93% of the total population, were surveyed before treatment and allocated at random to the trial. Onchocerciasis was hyperendemic and of moderate intensity in the area. Typical onchocerciasis skin lesions were seen in most cases; the blindness rate was 1.5% and a further 4.3% had visual impairment. Six months after treatment 988 subjects (80%) were reassessed and microfilarial loads in the ivermectin group were found to be 10% of control levels. Additionally, blood eosinophil concentrations were reduced by one-quarter. The severity, but not the prevalence, of skin lesions was significantly reduced in the ivermectin group, with a particularly marked effect on papular eruptions. There had been no reduction in the prevalence of itching, nor had markers of general health shown improvement after ivermectin. Ivermectin is an effective microfilaricidal agent and may improve Onchocerca-related skin lesions after a single dose. However, the lack of obvious benefit to a target population after the first dose of ivermectin may reduce compliance with subsequent doses. This has implications for planned mass treatment initiatives in onchocerciasis endemic regions.
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PMID:A community trial of ivermectin for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone: clinical and parasitological responses to the initial dose. 206 74

The prevalence, intensity and clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis were investigated in three village communities along the Bahr El Arab and its tributaries in Southern Darfur, Western Sudan. Onchocerca volvulus has not been reported from this region before. Over 300 people were examined and the selection of patients was aimed at obtaining a cross-sectional view of the disease at all ages and in both sexes. Prevalence rates were high (67.5%, 28.6% and 32% in Titribi, Radom and Kafia Kingi, respectively). The intensity of infection in young adults was generally about 30 mf/mg, but ranged up to 100 mf/mg. Infections were detected in subjects as young as two years old; about one quarter of those sampled in Titribi had nodules, mostly in the pelvic region. Clinical signs of acute and chronic dermal changes were especially marked in Titribi. This village was located closest to the breeding sites, which appear in the rainy season only. More than a third of those samples had severe pruritus and showed many self-inflicted excoriations. Both anterior and posterior eye segment changes were detected in each community, and cases of onchocercal blindness were attributed to sclerosing keratitis and to optic and chorioretinal atrophy. One case typical of intensely localized disease was seen, where the affliction was unilateral and severe with oedema and pigment changes, but very few microfilariae present. Onchocerciasis appears to be well established in this region and has apparently caused abandonment of some settlements in recent years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Southern Darfur focus. 360 40

Onchocerciasis is found in association with all the main river systems of northern tropical Africa, and there are endemic foci south of the Equator. Heavy and prolonged infection may cause blindness and intense pruritus. The vectors, Simulium damnosum and S. neavei, are also intolerable pests when they swarm. The disease and its vector together cause serious economic loss and are a main cause of the depopulation of river valleys in the savanna lands.The basin of the River Volta, in which the worst endemic area in the world is situated, is considered to be the most favourable area for a study of the problems involved in the large-scale control of onchocerciasis carried by S. damnosum. Mass treatment or prophylaxis are not practicable at present. The clinical condition progresses for many years in the absence of fresh infection, and drugs capable of mass application are needed. However, the first aim is to attack the larval stages of the vector with insecticides. DDT is ideal for this purpose in large, steadily flowing rivers, but a more suitable insecticide and formulation are needed for small, irregularly flowing streams.Research is needed into many aspects of the adult life of S. damnosum, including feeding and resting habits, dry season survival and flight range. One of the main practical problems is prevention of reinfestation of a treated river system.
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PMID:Prospects for the control of onchocerciasis in Africa with special reference to the Volta River basin. 530 98

Between January and December 1981, parasitological and symptomatological methods of diagnosis were used to survey the prevalence of onchocerciasis among the human population in the Manor area of the Benue State of Nigeria. Hospital records of different health establishment all over the state were also examined to assess the status of the disease in the state. 911 or 69.8% of the 1306 persons examined were positive for microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus; 135 or 10.3% had visual impairment including total blindness; 377 or 28.7% carried nodules with greater number of nodules found on the lower part, especially on the pelvis, than the upper part of the body. Skin conditions such as intense itching, depigmentation, lichenification and atrophy were regularly found in infected persons. Generally, the incidence was higher in males than females and there was always increased severity with advancing age. Hospital records also show that the infection is widespread in the state. The status of the disease in Manor is discussed and it is concluded that the area is hyperendemic for human onchocerciasis.
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PMID:Onchocerciasis in the Benue State of Nigeria. IV. The prevalence of the disease among the population in Manor. 664 7

A cross-sectional survey of 770 subjects in onchocerciasis hyperendemic villages and 223 subjects from a control community in Nebbi District in the West Nile region of Uganda revealed a high prevalence of onchocercal skin disease of 48% in endemic villages. The most common skin problem was troublesome itching (40%); and the prevalent skin lesions were chronic papular onchodermatitis (16%), depigmentation (4%), lichenified onchodermatitis (2%) and acute papular onchodermatitis (1%). Other typical varieties of onchocercal skin diseases such as, hanging groin, lymphoedema and marked lymphadenopathy were infrequent, and considered rare. Pityriasis vergicolor was the most common non-onchocercal skin lesion in both control and endemic communities, accounting for 37% of all non-onchocercal skin lesions. These skin lesions were associated with a variety of psycho-social and economic impact; and there was a positive correlation between the prevalence of troublesome itching and the prevalence of modules (correlation coefficient r = 0.62, p = 0.00). Given the prospects of onchocerciasis control based on mass ivermectin distribution in communities where blindness is common, we recommend that treatment be extended to communities where blindness is less common, but skin disease known to be predominant.
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PMID:Dermatological problems of onchocerciasis in Nebbi District, Uganda. 755 85

Onchocerciasis is a systemic disease caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. It is endemic in Central Africa and South America and causes blindness which is directly related to the severity of the infection. World-wide, there are about 18 million suffering from onchocerciasis, of whom 2 million are blind. The most common symptom is pruritus, which appears early in the disease. Ocular manifestations appear later, and when present, life expectancy is less than 10 years. We present a 31-year-old male Ethiopian immigrant with this disease, which was brought to Israel with the Ethiopian immigration of the past decade. In this population can be found the various manifestations of the disease in all its stages. Patients are treated with oral Ivermectin, once a year, the safest of known medications for this disease. The need for early detection and treatment is emphasized because of the potential for ocular destruction.
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PMID:[Ocular onchocerciasis in Israel]. 772 Nov 79

The endemicity of human onchocerciasis was assessed in eight rural, at-risk communities in Ningi Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria, between July 1990 and March 1991. Of the 1536 subjects skin-snipped, 334 (21.7%) were positive for Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae. Surprisingly, there was a significant inverse relationship between prevalence and mean microfilarial load (r = -0.608; P < 0.05). Males were more likely to be infected than females (P < 0.01) and cattle rearers (71.0% infected), farmers (49.8%) and fishermen (40.0%) had significantly higher prevalences than students/schoolchildren, housewives or traders (P < 0.001). Pruritus and itchy eyes were recorded in all age groups and appeared in much younger subjects than any other manifestations of the infection. Prevalence and onchocercal blindness were linearly related to intensity of infection. The epidemiological significance of these findings, in terms of a future community-wide programme of long-term chemoprophylaxis with Mectizan, is highlighted.
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PMID:Studies on filariasis in Bauchi State, Nigeria. 1. Endemicity of human onchocerciasis in Ningi Local Government Area. 774 92

Data on onchocercal lymphatic and skin lesions from 45 communities located in the West African savanna were analysed to determine if the criterion for inclusion in ivermectin mass treatment based on risk of onchocercal blindness needs to be modified. Only 16 cases of elephantiasis were reported among 10,108 people examined. Other lymphatic lesions were almost exclusively found in people older than 30 years living in villages at risk of onchocercal blindness. Permanent skin lesions also affected older people and were 3 times more frequent in villages at risk of onchocercal blindness. Papular rash and pruritus affected younger people. No evidence was, therefore, found to change the criterion based on risk of onchocercal blindness presently in use in savanna areas.
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PMID:Criterion for inclusion in onchocerciasis control programmes based on ivermectin distribution. 876 93


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