Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred and seventy-six patients who were newly referred to two diabetic clinics completed an initial questionnaire and a second questionnaire 1 yr later. Over the 1-yr period the average 2-h postprandial blood sugar was reduced from 13.8 to 8.8 mmol/L. The questionnaire included 33 questions on symptoms, and four symptoms improved by more than 10%: increased thirst (reduced by 29%), dry mouth (reduced by 24%), pruritus (17%), and weakness in the limbs (10%). No symptom was increased by more than 7%. The changes in five symptoms were significantly related to the changes in blood sugar observed, the improvement in symptoms being associated with reductions in blood sugar. These results are contrasted with newly referred hypertensive patients in whom marked improvements in symptoms were not observed and an increased frequency of certain symptoms was observed owing to drug side effects.
 ...
PMID:The reduction in symptoms of diabetic patients after treatment in diabetic clinics. 734 55

The efficacy and safety of an extended-release combination of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine sulfate (SCH 434) was compared with that of a tablet containing chlorpheniramine maleate plus pseudoephedrine sulfate (CTM-D) in 131 patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either SCH 434 (loratadine 5 mg and pseudoephedrine sulfate 120 mg) or CTM-D (chlorpheniramine maleate 12 mg and pseudoephedrine sulfate 120 mg) twice daily for 2 weeks. Evaluations were made after 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment. Demographics (age, race, sex, and duration of seasonal allergic rhinitis) and baseline total symptom scores were comparable between groups. Both combination products were effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Improvement in total symptom scores was 54% on day 3 and 65% on day 14 in the SCH 434 group versus 57% on day 3 and 64% on day 14 in the CTM-D group. Individual symptom scores (nasal discharge, stuffiness, nasal itching, sneezing, and ocular symptoms) responded similarly. A smaller proportion of patients in the SCH 434 group reported side effects, especially dry mouth (7% vs 19%, P = 0.07), fatigue (6% vs 25%, P < 0.01), and sedation (7% vs 22%, P < 0.03). In conclusion, the combination of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine sulfate was equally as effective as a classic antihistamine (chlorpheniramine maleate) plus pseudoephedrine sulfate but had a lower incidence of side effects.
 ...
PMID:Comparative study of SCH 434 and CTM-D in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. 791 2

Efficacy and safety of a PCA protocol, without loading dose or background infusion, was investigated in 40 consenting patients after osteotomy of the foot. All patients had intrathecal lidocaine 5% 1.8 ml preoperatively. Postoperative pain relief was provided with morphine from a Baxter Travenol infusor with PC module. The morphine concentration was 2 mg/ml or 3 mg/ml. In order to reach the analgesic blood concentration as quickly as possible, the patients were instructed to start PCA from the very first moment pain occurred. The patients breathed room air. The nursing staff evaluated respiratory and cardiovascular parameters, pain and side effects. Although mean VAS scores were higher than 3 in the early postoperative phase, no supplementary analgesics were required. One patient had urine retention. One patient had a drop in blood pressure at the start of morphine, which was quickly restored with the administration of colloids. Oxygen saturations were lower (SpO2 < 95%) the first hours postoperatively, especially at the first assessment where no morphine was administered. Pain or relative hypovolaemia could be an explanation. Dry mouth and sleepiness were the most frequently reported side-effects, followed by dizziness, vomiting and nausea. Sweating and itching were less frequently reported. The occurrence of the side effects was the highest during the first postoperative day. We conclude that even when morphine is used in PCA without loading dose or background infusion after opiate-free locoregional analgesia, close monitoring is necessary for at least 5 hours.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of morphine for patient controlled analgesia with the Infusor system after opiate-free locoregional anesthesia for osteotomy of the foot. 866 16

Ebastine is a new second generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist that has shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria after once-daily administration. This double-blind multicentre randomised placebo-controlled study has investigated the long term efficacy of ebastine 10mg once daily in the treatment of chronic urticaria compared with that of terfenadine 60mg twice daily. At the end of a 3-month treatment period, ebastine was significantly superior to placebo in improving symptoms of chronic urticaria (including severity of itching, number of wheals per day), and its efficacy was similar to that of terfenadine. In a global assessment of efficacy, investigators considered chronic urticaria to have improved in 73% of ebastine recipients compared with 68% and 52% of patients treated with terfenadine or placebo, respectively. The patients' assessments of efficacy were similar to those of the investigators. Ebastine was well tolerated, the incidence and nature of adverse events with this agent being similar to those reported in patients treated with terfenadine or placebo. The most common adverse events were headache and dry mouth. Thus, these results, which show ebastine to be an effective and well tolerated agent, indicated that the drug should be considered for the first-line therapy of chronic urticaria.
 ...
PMID:Double-blind multicentre comparative study of ebastine, terfenadine and placebo in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults. 882 24

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a slowly progressive chronic cholestatic disease of the liver thought to be caused by immune destruction of the interlobular bile ducts. One-third of patients are asymptomatic and one-third of these develop symptoms within 5 years. Therapeutic regimens should be directed at the control of symptoms, prevention of complications and specific therapy aimed at controlling progression of the disease. Symptoms may be secondary to cholestasis or due to other associated diseases. The cause of pruritus secondary to cholestasis remains unknown; the anion exchange resin cholestyramine generally brings relief. In patients resistant or intolerant to this therapy, rifampin may be helpful, as well as ultraviolet light without sunblock. Liver transplantation may rarely be the only option for uncontrollable pruritus. Clinical manifestations of keratoconjunctivitis-sicca and xerostomia need constant attention to prevent corneal ulcers and dental caries. Preventative therapy includes regular screening for thyroid dysfunction and replacement therapy when necessary and the administration of the fat soluble vitamins A, D and K once hyperbilirubinaemia is present. Osteoporosis is a complication of all cholestatic liver disease. There is no satisfactory preventative therapy. It may be appropriate to give hormone replacement therapy to all post-menopausal women with PBC to reduce osteoporosis. Liver transplantation is the best option for those with fractures. Oesophageal varices may develop early in the course of PBC, non-selective beta-blocker therapy should be used as prophylaxis against variceal haemorrhage. The only specific therapy shown to cause both a biochemical and survival benefit in patients with PBC is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Treatment with UDCA delays progression, but does not result in a cure of this disease. Currently, liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment available for end-stage disease.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. 884 Feb 32

This article presents a summary of drug safety data concerning the use of tramadol hydrochloride and an outline of the specific aspects of this analgesic in particular with regard to respiratory depression and dependence potential. Information from phase II to IV clinical studies, postmarketing surveillance studies (covering safety data from a total of more than 21,000 patients) and the spontaneous reporting system have been taken into consideration. The data from the spontaneous reporting system covers the period between 1977 and 1993, during which more than one billion single dose units were distributed throughout the world. The phase II to IV studies compare acute intravenous, acute intramuscular, acute oral and multiple dose oral administration Postmarketing surveillance studies provide a picture of everyday use of tramadol in general medical practice. Further analyses were performed to provide information about the gender-, age- and dose-related distribution of adverse reactions The prevalence of side effects was calculated by comparing the number of symptoms with the number of patients. The pooled data from the clinical studies and the postmarketing surveillance studies reveal that the most commonly observed side effects were nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, tiredness, sweating, vomiting and dry mouth, with an overall incidence of between 1 and 6%. In the postmarketing surveillance studies on long term and acute administration, the profile of adverse events was qualitatively almost identical to that in the phase II to IV studies. However, there were distinct quantitative differences it favour of the long term studies. In the postmarketing surveillance study on acute parenteral administration, the incidences of nausea and vomiting were only 4.2 and 0.5% respectively, which is significantly lower than the 20.7 and 11.4% in the patient-controlled analgesia studies. Nevertheless, it is important to take into consideration the different conditions in these studies. All the postmarketing surveillance studies were outpatient studies, whereas almost all of the phase II to IV studies were carried out in hospitals. The studies with intravenous and intramuscular administration were mainly postoperative, which explains the relatively high incidence of nausea and vomiting, 17.8 and 7.0%, respectively, with intramuscular administration. The different conditions in the phase II to IV studies and the postmarketing surveillance studies are also reflected in the occurrence of dizziness and postural hypotension: The incidence of dizziness in the postmarketing surveillance studies is slightly higher than that observed in the phase II to IV studies. Particularly in the studies with intravenous and intramuscular administration, the patients were confined to bed and were therefore much less sensitive to dizziness than those in the long term oral and postmarketing surveillance studies, who were all outpatients. On the other hand, postural hypotension played almost no role in the multiple dose studies, in which the oral formulation were used most frequently. It is interesting to note that diarrhoea, pruritus and gastrointestinal disorder (except nausea and vomiting) are mainly reported in the multiple dose studies in the groups receiving oral tramadol, and also in the postmarketing surveillance studies. Once again, the study conditions may well be the explanation. The adverse effects reported in both clinical and postmarketing surveillance studies are similar to those in the spontaneous reports. The most frequently documented adverse effects in clinical and postmarketing surveillance studies, i.e. nausea/vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, tiredness, sweating and dry mouth, are noted very infrequently in spontaneous reports, since in medical practice these side effects are usually known and are described in the product information. Almost all reports referring to abuse/dependence are connected with pain therapy; they give no reason to suspect any pro
 ...
PMID:[Tolerance and safety of tramadol use. Results of international studies and data from drug surveillance]. 919 Mar 25

In search of an improved treatment of pruritic dermatoses, we have studied azelastine, a novel H1-receptor antagonist, during a 2-week treatment period, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The potent H1-antagonist cetirizine was used for comparison. Symptoms were recorded daily by the patients on a diary card, using a 4-point scale. The same parameters and adverse events were evaluated at weekly intervals, and global improvement was evaluated at the end of treatment. In all 230 evaluable patients with moderate to severe itching, azelastine caused an overall significant improvement in comparison to placebo (P = 0.02), with significance also for pruritus (P = 0.01 after 1 week and P = 0.02 after 2 weeks). Both drugs reduced itching more effectively in urticaria than in atopic eczema. Azelastine was superior to cetirizine in reducing pruritus, whereas cetirizine caused a more marked reduction of whealing. Both drugs rarely caused fatigue and dry mouth, but taste perversion occurred only in azelastine-treated patients (9.7%) and headaches only with cetirizine (10.4%). Therefore, the two H1-blockers exert differential effects on pruritus verses whealing and a distinctive adverse events pattern. The data also underline the low efficacy of antihistamines in atopic eczema, compared to urticaria.
 ...
PMID:Differential effects of new-generation H1-receptor antagonists in pruritic dermatoses. 953 17

The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of 5 mg loratadine/120 mg pseudoephedrine combination drug in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. 30 patients allergic to grass pollen were treated with the new drug (Clarinase) twice a day in 15-day study during grass pollen seasonal. Nasal an non-nasal symptoms were evaluated for efficacy. Loratadine/pseudoephedrine combination effected a significant decrease in total symptoms score as well as individual evaluated symptoms score: nasal stuffiness, itching and discharge, sneezing, eye itching, tearing and redness of the eyes. The treatments was well tolerated. No serious side effects were noticed. The incidence of mild sedation, dry mouth, insomnia and nervousness was only 3 to 7 percent. 5 mg loratadine plus 120 mg pseudoephedrine was safe and effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation of the efficiency and safety of the loratadine with pseudoephedrine combination drug in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis]. 963 91

The aim of this phase II study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of liarozole, a novel benzimidazole derivative, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Liarozole 300 mg twice daily orally was evaluated in 14 patients with stage IIIB and IV NSCLC. 8 patients had received prior treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. WHO toxicity grading and response criteria were used. Liarozole was well tolerated. Grade 2 toxicities included alopecia (1 patient), dermatological toxicity (5 patients), dry mouth (2 patients) and nausea and vomiting (2 patients). Leukocytosis was seen in 5 patients, including 2 cases with an elevated white cell count pretreatment. Liarozole was discontinued in 1 patient who developed intolerable progressive pruritus associated with an erythematous rash. No objective tumour response was seen, all 14 patients developing progressive disease within 4 months of commencing treatment. Liarozole was well tolerated but was ineffective as single agent therapy in the management of NSCLC. The side-effect profile was compatible with inhibition of retinoic acid degradation.
 ...
PMID:Phase II study of liarozole in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. 984 33

Lignocaine has been used successfully to treat burn pain and neuropathic pain. We have conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to assess the morphine-sparing effect of intravenous lignocaine in patients with acute pain. After major abdominal surgery, patients were treated with post-operative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia in two groups: group M (n = 25, morphine 0.2 mg mL-1) and group ML (n = 25, morphine 0.2 mg mL-1 plus lignocaine 3.2 mg mL-1). The patient-controlled analgesia system was programmed to deliver a 5 mL bolus with a 50 mL per 4 h limit; the lockout time was 10 min. Both groups closely resembled each other in terms of demographic data, pain intensity, cumulative morphine dose and the morphine-associated nausea, vomiting and pruritus. However, the sedation scores in group ML patients during the first post-operative day were significantly greater than those in group M. The incidence of lignocaine-related lightheadedness and dry mouth was also significantly greater in group ML than in group M. It was concluded that the addition of lignocaine 3.2 mg mL-1 to morphine 0.2 mg mL-1 given via patient-controlled analgesia system does not provide a post-operative morphine-sparing analgesic effect.
 ...
PMID:Lignocaine plus morphine in bolus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia lacks post-operative morphine-sparing effect. 988 51


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>