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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A questionnaire survey of head lice treatment was conducted in four schools--each including a nursery and an elementary school--in the Bordeaux area. Two schools were situated in the centre of the city, one in a suburban area and one in a rural area (50 km from the city). Four-page questionnaires were filled in anonymously by the parents in April 1991; 840 answers were obtained (80 p. 100 response rate). Between January 1990 and March 1991, 48.7 p. 100 of children had at least one episode of head lice infestation (infestation rates varied from 38.8 to 62.6 p. 100 depending on the schools); 30.5 p. 100 of children were contaminated for the first time during that period. Lice were detected by the parents in 95 p. 100 of the cases. The prevalence of lice was higher in females (60 p. 100) than in males (40 p. 100). The highest prevalence was noted in the suburban school where 17 p. 100 of the parents were unemployed at the time of the survey. The peak age for head lice was 7, but 19.4 p. 100 of nursery school children aged 2-4 years had been contaminated at least once. Impetigo was rare (1.2 p. 100), and pruritus was noted in only 14.2 p. 100 of the cases. Most children had been contaminated at school. Curative treatment was counselled by a chemist in 87 p. 100 of the cases. Pyrethrins were used in 81 p. 100, and the shampoo (Hegor) plus spray (Paraspecial Poux) association was the most frequent, totalling two-thirds of prescriptions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pediculosis capitis: a questionnaire survey in 4 schools of the Bordeaux Academy 1990-1991]. 750 98

An investigation of sheep flocks with unknown histories of fleece derangement, selected at random from the main sheep raising areas of New South Wales, showed that Psorergates ovis was present in 53 of the 177 flocks surveyed and in 162 of the 3495 sheep examined. Of the single causes of fleece derangement, the most prevalent was grass seed contamination (15.7%) followed by infestation with sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis, (14.7%) and infestation with itch mite (7.8%). The prevalence of fleece derangement was significantly higher on sheep in which lice were the only ectoparasites found than on those in which itch mites were the only ectoparasites present. The greatest prevalence of P ovis was in flocks in the Young, Yass, Mudgee and Tenterfield districts. In most affected flocks, more than one potential cause of fleece derangement was present. Itch mite infestation was more prevalent in flocks that received no treatment for ectoparasites than in those that had been treated in the year preceding the survey. Our results did not support a commonly held belief among farmers that arsenical compounds control infestations of itch mites more effectively than other types of pesticides. There was no significant difference in prevalence of fleece derangement between flocks treated with different pesticide groups and those that received no treatment, but mean fleece derangement score was significantly lower in sheep treated with organophosphates than in untreated sheep. Infestations of lice were significantly more prevalent in sheep from flocks treated with synthetic pyrethroids than from those treated with organophosphates or those that received no treatment.
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PMID:Prevalence of the causes of fleece derangement among sheep flocks in New South Wales. 821 84

In two homeless men aged 38 and 32 years, who suffered from itching, infestation with body lice (Pediculus humanus var. corporis, a.k.a. clothes lice) was diagnosed. This infestation is rare in the Netherlands. In 1993 and 1994 and infection with body lice was registered 41 times in 31 patients at the clinic for homeless of the Community Health Service of Utrecht. The body louse can be seen by the naked eye. Treatment is by hygienic measures, pediculicides if necessary, and by prevention. Important to recognize is that P. humanus can be the vector of trench fever (Bartonella quintana), relapsing fever and typhus.
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PMID:[Back again: the clothes louse (Pediculus humanus var. corporis)]. 892 69

Infestations of head lice, body lice, scabies, and chiggers are common causes of rash and pruritus in children. Concern has arisen about development of resistance to often-used treatments, but a comprehensive approach to eradication is usually very effective. In this article, Dr Potts describes the presentation of ectoparasites and discusses conservative treatment and the safe use of pediculicides.
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PMID:Eradication of ectoparasites in children. How to treat infestations of lice, scabies, and chiggers. 1146 42

The 3 major lice that infest humans are Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pthirus pubis (crab louse), and Pediculus humanus humanus (body louse). Patients with louse infestation present with scalp pruritus, excoriations, cervical lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis. A hypersensitivity rash, or pediculid, may mimic a viral exanthem. Head lice infestation crosses all economic and social boundaries, whereas body lice infestation preferentially affects the homeless and displaced. Body lice are major vectors of diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Pubic lice infestation often is acquired as a sexually transmitted disease and may be a marker to screen for other sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of louse infestation can be challenging. Mechanical measures, such as combing, are helpful as adjunctive measures, but most studies suggest they are not as effective as chemical agents. Resistance to chemical agents is a growing problem. Major types of resistance include knock-down resistance, glutathione-S-transferase-based resistance, and monooxygenase-based resistance. Research is needed to identify new effective treatments.
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PMID:Pediculosis. 1569 98

Pediculosis and scabies are caused by ectoparasites; patients usually present with itching. Head and pubic lice infestations are diagnosed by the visualization of insects or viable nits (eggs). Primary treatment is topically administered 1 percent permethrin. Malathion is one alternative for treatment failures. The importance of environmental measures to prevent infestation is a matter of controversy. Pubic lice are treated the same as head lice, but this finding should prompt evaluation for other sexually transmitted diseases. Body lice infestation should be suspected when symptoms of generalized itching occur in persons who do not change or wash their clothing or bedding regularly; lice may be found in the seams of their clothing. Topically administered permethrin may help to eradicate body lice, but personal hygiene measures are essential for successful treatment. Classic scabies in adults can be recognized by a pruritic, papular rash with excoriations; in infants, small children, and the immunocompromised, the rash may include vesicles, pustules, or nodules. Primary treatment for scabies is permethrin cream and environmental measures are important to prevent recurrent infestation. Generalized crusted scabies is best treated with oral ivermectin.
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PMID:Pediculosis and scabies. 1476 74

Head lice infestations affect millions of people in the United States. Children become infested more often than adults and account for the largest percentage of infestations. Head lice have not been shown to transfer disease, and they are not associated with serious morbidity. The most common effect of lice infestation is pruritus of the scalp with occasional cutaneous infection caused by scratching. Nevertheless, many schools have "no-nit" policies, which require the dismissal of children from school if nits or lice are found. These policies are ineffective in preventing infestations and result in many missed days of school. Lice infestations are most effectively managed with pediculicides. Pyrethroids are the mainstay of over-the-counter products. Prescription pediculicides include OVIDE (malathion) Lotion, 0.5% and lindane (formerly marketed as Kwell). Resistance to pyrethroids due to misuse and overuse has been documented. Lindane resistance also has been reported, and serious safety issues about lindane have been raised by the Food and Drug Administration. Lindane labeling now includes warnings and several restrictions in its use. Malathion is not associated with major systemic safety issues or the development of resistance within the United States. A contributor to pediculicide resistance is misdiagnosis of lice infestations. Survey data reveal frequent misdiagnosis of infestations in children who do not have live lice. Physicians generally are more likely to misdiagnose infestations than nonhealthcare providers. Misdiagnosis contributes to resistance by causing overuse, and consequently overexposure, of pediculicides. These agents should be used only if live lice or viable nits are discovered. Head lice infestations generally do not contribute to health risks for individuals or the public. The most serious consequence is the social cost of missed school days and the associated cost of lost productivity and wages of parents who must care for children sent home from school. Better diagnosis, more appropriate use of pediculicides, and elimination of no-nit policies will improve the overall management of head lice infestations.
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PMID:Overview: the state of head lice management and control. 1551 29

Lice infestations of horses occur mainly during winter months and are characterized by severe pruritus and an unkempt coat. Two lice have been described for equines namely Bovicola (Damalinia) equi and Haemotopinus asini. There is a scarcity of data on the occurrence and prevalence rates of these horse pathogens in Turkey. This paper reports a thoroughbred farm, in which two horses were found to be infested with B. equi. The horses were treated with propoxur and no lice or nymphs could be found after treatment for10 days.
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PMID:[Occurrence and treatment of Bovicola (Damalinia) equi (Linnaeus, 1758) infestation on a thoroughbred horse farm.]. 1716 Aug 19

Lice are obligatory parasites surviving on blood meals obtained from the host, with their mouthparts modified to enable piercing and sucking. The infestation with body lice, also known as pediculosis corporis, is a common worldwide problem that affects people of all races. Body lice are preferentially seen in cold climates, under conditions of poor sanitation and crowding. Pediculosis corporis is not only a disease in itself, but it can also be a source of bacterial infections. The hallmark of pediculosis corporis is pruritus and pyoderma of clothing covered areas. A more general reaction of fever, headaches, a diffuse rash, fatigue, and myalgias may appear a few weeks or months after the beginning of the parasitism. Treatment is comprised of improved hygiene and laundering of all the infested clothing, bedding and linens in hot water. Medical treatment involving pediculicides is required in large-scale infestations.
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PMID:Pediculosis corporis: an ancient itch. 1743 78

Bedbugs, lice, fleas and mites are blood-sucking ectoparasites whose bites cause allergic skin reactions. Diagnosis of bites is based on the morphology of the skin eruptions and the pattern of involved skin areas. Confirmation of the diagnosis often requires detection of the causal parasite. The main reservoir for ectoparasites (e.g., bedbugs, fleas, lice and scabies mites) are humans, but animals are also known to harbor ectoparasites (e.g., certain fleas and mites). Fleas, body lice and certain mite larvae in the tropics can transmit infectious diseases, but bedbugs, headlice, pubic lice and scabies mites cannot. Therapy is primarily directed against itching and bacterial superinfections. Pediculosis and scabies are additionally treated with t0pical insecticides. In order to kill freshly hatched larvae, topical treatmentmust be repeated after one week. In the case of pediculosis, people who have come into contact with symptomatic individuals also need to be treated, whereas with scabies, all contact persons must undergo treatment in order toprevent further transmission. Topicalinsecticides, in combination with anti-itch treatment, is usually sufficientto immediately relieve the symptoms and promote permanent healing of the skin lesions.
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PMID:[Lice, fleas and other beasts]. 1772 24


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