Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is currently the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones. Associated complications include bile duct injury, retained common bile duct (CBD) stones, and migration of surgical clips. Clip migration into the CBD can present with recurrent cholangitis over a period of time. Retained CBD stones can be another cause of recurrent cholangitis. A case of two surgical clips migrating into the common bile duct with few retained stones following LC is reported here. The patient had repeated episodes of fever, pain at epigastrium, jaundice, and pruritus 3 months after LC. Liver function tests revealed features of obstructive jaundice. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed dilated CBD with few stones. In view of acute cholangitis, an urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was done, which demonstrated few filling defects and 2 linear metallic densities in the CBD. A few retained stones along with 2 surgical clips were removed successfully from the CBD by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after papillotomy using a Dormia basket. The patient improved dramatically following the procedure.
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PMID:Migration of Surgical Clips into the Common Bile Duct after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. 2820 25

Obstructive jaundice due to advance malignancy is a fatal problem. It most commonly occurs at the distal common bile duct or at the hilum of liver. Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography (MRCP) and Computed Tomography (CT) are most useful in identifying the underlying cause as well as localize the position of the stricture. For those patients with unresectable disease, progressive jaundice constitutes an immediate threat to their survival, in addition to significant loss to their quality of life secondary to pruritus, malaise and cholangitis. Effective and lasting decompression of the biliary tree is a priority and consists of positioning of a biliary endoprosthesis (stent). To observe the improvement of liver function, quality of life and survival after successful insertion of endoprosthesis (stenting) in malignant biliary obstruction, a study was performed in the department of surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2013 to August 2014, in 50 patients with clinically visible jaundice and unresectable disease. There were significant (p<0.001) reductions in the levels of serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum SGPT and Prothrombin time from the time of admission to 2 weeks and 3 weeks after stenting. Physical and functional quality of life was greatly improved 2-4 weeks after stenting, where emotional quality remained the same throughout the study period. Successful palliation by stenting of malignant biliary obstruction is a priority to achieve improvements in liver function, quality of life and prolong survival. Endoscopic stent placement appears to be safe, well tolerated and can be offered without delay as a primary treatment option for all patients with unresectable malignant biliary lesion.
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PMID:Improvement of Liver Function, Quality of Life and Survival after Insertion of Endoprosthesis in Advance Malignant Biliary Obstruction. 2826 Jul 62

Obstructive jaundice disease is often accompanied by an increase in plasma endogenous opioids levels. Theses elevated endogenous opioids bring complications like pruritus, cardiac and vascular abnormalities in patients with cholestasis. However, little is known about the mechanism of increased endogenous opioids synthesis in cholestatic liver diseases. Different from the tradition view that the liver is the source of endogenous opioids peptides, recent researches give clues that skin may be another important organ in which endogenous opioid peptides were synthesized during cholestasis. Skin cells like keratinocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and other inflammation cells had been reported to produce endogenous opioid peptides under certain physical and pathological conditions. In the course of obstructive jaundice, all these cells had the potential to be activated by different molecular mechanisms. And some cells like keratinocyte and inflammation cells had been proved to correlate with elevated plasma levels of enkephalin and beta-endorphin in patients with obstructive jaundice. Hence, we hypothesize that skin may be the site in which abundant endogenous opioid peptides been produced during the course of obstructive jaundice. These skin-cell related mechanisms should be further studied to resolve the puzzle of elevated peripheral opiate tone during obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:Elevated endogenous opioids in obstructive jaundice: The possible skin mechanisms. 2985 94

The spinal origin of cholestatic itch in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model remains poorly understood. In this study, the jaundice model was established by bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice, and differential gene expression patterns were analyzed in the lower thoracic spinal cord involved in cholestatic pruritus after BDL operation using high-throughput RNA sequencing. At 21st day after BDL, the expression levels of ENSRNOG00000060523, ENSRNOG00000058405 and ENSRNOG00000055193 mRNA were significantly up-regulated, and those of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOGOOOOOO19607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289, Gemin8, Serpina3n and Trim63 mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. The RNAseq data of selected mRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOGOOOOOO 19607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289 and Serpina3n mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. This study suggested that cholestatic pruritus in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model is related with in the changes of gene expression profiles in spinal cord.
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PMID:Altered Expression of Differential Genes in Thoracic Spinal Cord Involved in Experimental Cholestatic Itch Mouse Model. 3012 78

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease with a dismal prognosis. It will probably become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within the next decade in Western countries. Over 80% of patients undergo palliative treatment for unresectable pancreatic cancer due to locally advanced disease or metastases. Those patients often develop gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), obstructive jaundice and pain during the course of their disease. Symptoms such as vomiting, anorexia, pruritus and jaundice will impact the quality of life (QOL) and could delay the administration of the chemotherapy. Palliative therapy in pancreatic cancer aims to relieve the symptoms durably and to improve the QOL. Palliative surgery was traditionally considered as a gold standard with the "double by-pass" including biliary-digestive and gastro-jejunal anastomosis. However, since the development of endoscopic stenting and minimally invasive surgery, the choice of the best modalities remains debated. While there is still a place for surgical gastrojejunostomy (GJ) in case of duodenal or GOO, endoscopic biliary stenting during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is now accepted as the gold standard in case of obstructive jaundice. In pain management, endoscopic ultrasound guided or percutaneous celiac plexus neurolysis is recommended. The selection of the best technique should consider the effectiveness and the morbidity of the treatment, the performance status of the patient and the disease stage. While endoscopic stenting is associated with earlier recovery and shorter length of stay, recurrence of symptoms and reintervention are less frequent after palliative surgery. Finally, controversy exists on whether to perform prophylactic palliative surgery in the absence of symptoms when unresectable disease is discovered during surgical exploration.
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PMID:Palliative therapy in pancreatic cancer-palliative surgery. 3123 95

Pancreatic cancer commonly diagnosed at late stage due to subtle clinical manifestation and associated with low 5-year survival rate. Only 10-20% of patients were found in resectable or localized stage. Several complications may arise due to advanced pancreatic cancer such as obstructive jaundice, gastric outlet obstruction, pancreatic cancer cachexia, pruritus of cholestasis, and cancer pain. Palliative management should be optimized in order to improve patient's quality of life. A gastroentero-hepatologist should collaborate with other specialties to give comprehensive palliative care for advanced pancreatic cancer patients.
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PMID:Palliative Management of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: The Role of Gastroentero-hepatologist. 3277 35

Obstructive jaundice is characterized by an obstruction of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system, and the most common causes include pancreatic and duodenal periampullary cancer. There have been some cases reporting obstructive jaundice caused by infection. Deep tissue infection usually develops in the individuals who are immunologically compromised or chronically ill, while a few cases reported in the immunocompetent patients. Those cases were diagnosed by fungal culture or percutaneous biopsy. Here, we presented an interesting case of obstructive jaundice secondary to fungal infection confirmed by postoperative pathological examination. A 79 years old man complaint about upper abdominal discomfort, darkened urine, and skin itch, with a history of esophageal cancer operation 5 years ago. The serology for hepatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was negative. Imaging examinations showed a nodular located at distal common bile duct. As evidenced by increased level of cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), the patient was highly suspected to be malignant obstructive jaundice. Thus, pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) was conducted. To our surprise, the ultimate diagnosis was fungal infection at the site of duodenum ampulla by the postoperative pathological examination, with no evidence of malignance. Anti-infective therapy was conducted subsequently, combined by fluconazole, sulperazone and tinidazole. Three weeks later, the patient was generally in good condition and discharged from hospital. During the 2-year follow-up, no fungal infection or tumor recurrence was observed. This case reminded us that fungal infection could be the cause of obstructive jaundice in an elderly person.
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PMID:Obstructive jaundice secondary to fungal infection: a rare case report. 3317 82


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