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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors describe a group of 20 patients with symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis where for a period of 2-6 weeks twice a day into the conjunctival sac of both eyes Allergidol gtt, ophth., ASTA Medica AG FRG was administered. As to subjective sensations the authors evaluated itching, burning, the sensation of a foreign body and lacrimation, as to objective signs oedema of the eyelids, hyperaemia of the conjunctiva and papillary hypertrophy. The authors evaluated also the rate of onset of the effect, its duration and tolerance of the preparation. Subjective symptoms disappeared in 90% patients, hyperaemia of the conjunctivae and papillary hypertrophy receded in 12 patients (60%), in 8 (40%) they disappeared. Regression of subjective complaints occurred in all patients within 20 minutes, the duration of the effect was within the range of 11-13 hours in 18 patients (90%), 6-8 hours in two patients (10%). As to undesirable effects one female patient reported after administration of the eye drops a bitter sensation in the mouth, another one a burning sensation. Evidence was provided that the local H1 antihistaminic Allergodil gtt is effective in monotherapy in mild forms of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:[Allergodil eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis]. 1218 81

Patients with allergic conjunctivitis may experience several debilitating symptoms, particularly ocular itching. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemirolast potassium 0.1% ophthalmic solution (Alamast trade mark ), a novel mast-cell stabilizer, for preventing ocular manifestations of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. A pooled analysis was performed of data derived from 2 prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III clinical trials of pemirolast potassium 0.1% in patients with a history of allergic conjunctivitis. Patients having a positive bilateral response to conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC) with ragweed antigen (N = 274) were randomized to receive pemirolast potassium 0.1% or placebo QID, beginning approximately 1-2 weeks before the onset of ragweed season and continuing until after the first killing frost (12-17 weeks duration). Patients recorded their daily evaluations of ocular itching in a diary. After the allergy season, patients underwent a second CAC. Evaluable patients (n = 265) recorded a total of 21,491 patient-days of ocular itching data during allergy season. In every 7-day or 14-day period, patients treated with pemirolast potassium 0.1% reported more days without any ocular itching compared with patients receiving placebo. Differences favoring pemirolast potassium 0.1% were statistically significant in 63% (10/16) of all 7-day periods (p < or = 0.046) and 88% (7/8) of all 14-day periods (p < or = 0.016). After the allergy season, pemirolast potassium 0.1% was significantly superior to placebo in relieving CAC-induced ocular itching, with relief occurring as early as 3 minutes after allergen challenge (p < or = 0.034). Pemirolast potassium 0.1% was well tolerated and had a safety profile similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, pemirolast potassium 0.1% is effective and safe in preventing ocular itching in patients with allergic conjunctivitis during allergy season.
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PMID:Pemirolast potassium 0.1% ophthalmic solution is an effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: a pooled analysis of two prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. 1241 98

Ketotifen fumarate, formulated for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, is a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, mast cell stabilizer, and eosinophil inhibitor (decreases chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils). In this study, healthy volunteers 3 years of age or older received ketotifen fumarate .025% ophthalmic solution (n = 330) or placebo (n = 165) four times daily for 6 weeks. Ketotifen was safe and well tolerated in the adult and pediatric populations, with an incidence of ocular adverse events of 18.2%, compared with 15.2% with placebo. No ocular rebound vasodilation or itching was observed within 48 hours after treatment. Ketotifen has a favorable safety and tolerability profile, which may have a positive impact on compliance, an important aspect of effective symptomatic control of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Ocular tolerability and safety of ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution. 1243 Oct 41

This single-masked, contralateral-eye, active-controlled allergen-challenge study compared ketotifen fumarate .025% and cromolyn sodium 4% ophthalmic solutions in the prevention of ocular itching, tearing, and redness induced by allergen challenge. After a confirmatory conjunctival provocation test (CPT), 56 patients randomly received masked study medication (placebo in one eye, cromolyn in the other eye) four times daily for 2 weeks. At visit 3, patients received one drop of ketotifen in the eye previously treated with placebo and cromolyn in the other eye. Ocular comfort was assessed 30 seconds postinstillation, and a CPT was conducted 15 minutes and 4 hours postinstillation to evaluate ocular itching, tearing, and redness. Forty-seven patients were analyzed for efficacy. At the 15-minute and 4-hour challenges, ketotifen was superior to cromolyn in preventing itching (P < .001) at all assessments and redness (ciliary, conjunctival, and episcleral) (P < or = .001) at most assessments. Tearing scores were higher in cromolyn-treated eyes than in ketotifen-treated eyes. Patients reported greater comfort in the ketotifen-treated than in the cromolyn-treated eye (P = .066). The most common adverse event was burning/stinging with cromolyn. A single dose of ketotifen was superior to a 2-week four-times-daily regimen of cromolyn in alleviating symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in the conjunctival allergen-challenge model.
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PMID:Single dose of ketotifen fumarate .025% vs 2 weeks of cromolyn sodium 4% for allergic conjunctivitis. 1243 Oct 44

Azelastine (CAS 58581-89-8) is a selective H1-receptor antagonist that inhibits histamine release and interferes with activation of other mediators of allergic inflammation. The present double-blind study aimed to evaluate azelastine eye drops (Allergodil) in patients with perennial allergic conjunctivitis compared to placebo. A total of 116 patients with an ocular symptoms score for itching and conjunctival redness > or = 3 (0-6 scale) were randomized to twice-daily 0.05% azelastine eye drops treatment (n = 58) or placebo. Patients maintained daily logs and were clinically evaluated after 7, 21 and 42 days of treatment. Azelastine significantly improved itching and conjunctival redness versus placebo (p < 0.001). Tolerability was rated good or better by 97% of patients with only bitter taste and application site reaction notable adverse experiences. On Day 7, ocular symptoms score improved by 1.5 +/- 0.9 (versus 0.5 +/- 0.8 placebo) with score improvement > or = 2 in 55% with azelastine (versus 14% placebo). Itching and redness further improved at Day 42 (score improvement > or = 2 in 95% with azelastine versus 33% placebo) and completely resolved for 47% azelastine patients (versus 10% placebo). Daily patient logs confirmed the clinically assessed scores. Topical azelastine progressively improved itching and conjunctival redness in patients with moderate to severe perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Continued improvement with prolonged use is consistent with mechanisms other than H1-receptor blockade, such as possible down regulation of adhesion molecule receptors.
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PMID:Azelastine eye drops in the treatment of perennial allergic conjunctivitis. 1270 71

This randomized, double-masked, active-control, parallel-group trial compared the mast cell stabilizers pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2% in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Pemirolast is currently indicated for four-times-daily administration, nedocromil, for twice-daily dosing. Both ophthalmic solutions were instilled bilaterally twice a day for 8 weeks. The study involved four office visits and two telephone contacts. Participants evaluated their symptoms daily in take-home diaries (itching was the primary efficacy variable) and completed questionnaires to assess comfort. Of a total enrollment of 80, 78 patients completed the study. No significant differences were found between pemirolast and nedocromil on any signs or symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis (redness, chemosis, itching, eyelid swelling). At each visit, pemirolast was rated significantly more comfortable than nedocromil. A significantly higher percentage of the pemirolast group experienced no signs or symptoms at work or school (58% vs 28%; P = .005). The number of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. Twice-daily administration of pemirolast potassium was as efficacious and safe as twice-daily nedocromil sodium in the 8-week treatment of ragweed allergic conjunctivitis and was superior to nedocromil in comfort. Increased comfort with pemirolast may increase patient satisfaction and compliance with therapy.
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PMID:Two mast cell stabilizers, pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2%, in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a comparative study. 1277 16

The developments of the symptoms of acute allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva (itching of the eye, conjunctival hyperaemia and oedema, and lacrimation) is largely due to the histamine released in the course of the allergic reaction. A major role in its treatment is therefore played by eyedrops with an antihistamine effect. The aims of the present study were to establish whether there is a rapid effect of eyedrops containing the selective H1 receptor blocker emedastine on acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and, if so, the time required for this effect to develop. Eyedrops containing emedastine were administered in the ragweed season to 20 children (12 boys and 8 girls) with acute allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva resulting from a hypersensitivity to ragweed pollen, the average age of the 20 children was 12.3 years (range: 5-19). The degrees of itching of the eye and of conjunctival hyperaemia were each characterised on a scale ranging from 0 to 4 (4 denoting the most severe symptoms). It was found that, after a single administration of 1 emedastine eyedrop, the degree of itching of the eye fell from the starting score of 2.85 +/- 0.75 to 0.45 +/- 0.51 within an average of 2.95 minutes, while the conjunctival hyperaemia fell from 2.35 +/- 0.59 to 0.55 +/- 0.51 in an average of 7.7 minutes. The level of the improvement for both symptoms was highly significant. An undesirable side effect (a burning sensation on the eyeball) was observed in one case. It may be stated that the eyedrop containing emedastine effectively decreases the extents of itching of the eye and conjunctival hyperaemia in children with acute allergic conjunctivitis, its effects are exerted within minutes.
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PMID:[Effects of emedastine eyedrops on acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis in children]. 1279 28

This 3-week prospective, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study compared ketotifen fumarate 0.025% ophthalmic solution and olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution in 66 patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. The drugs were instilled twice daily. Signs and symptoms were assessed on days 5 (visit 2) and 21 (visit 3). Other efficacy variables were the responder rate (patients with excellent or good global efficacy on days 5 and 21) and patient and investigator ratings of global efficacy. Comfort was evaluated immediately after instillation of the first drop and at each follow-up visit. The frequency of adverse events was the safety assessment. The responder rate was higher with ketotifen than with olopatadine on day 5 (72% vs 54% for patient assessment, 88% vs 55% for investigator assessment) and day 21 (91% vs 55%, 94% vs 42%). Global efficacy ratings were higher with ketotifen, and severity scores for hyperemia and itching were significantly lower. Both drugs elicited comparable comfort ratings. The most common adverse events were burning/stinging and headache.
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PMID:Ketotifen fumarate and olopatadine hydrochloride in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a real-world comparison of efficacy and ocular comfort. 1283 8

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be an important mediator in allergic conjunctivitis. In this study, apafant, a potent PAF antagonist, was evaluated for topical ocular anti-PAF activity in PAF and antigen stimulated conjunctivitis models. PAF, when injected into parpebral conjunctiva, provoked an acute increase, measured as dye leakage, in conjunctival vascular permeability. Apafant inhibited this response in a dose-related manner, and the inhibitory action of 0.1% apafant lasted for at least 6 hours duration. PAF, when instilled into the conjunctival sac, induced itch-scratching behavior and clinical symptoms, such as conjunctival redness and edema. These were inhibited by pretreatment with apafant ophthalmic solution. In a passive conjunctival anaphylaxis model in guinea pigs, significant inhibition of the allergic response was observed following topical ocular administration of apafant 5 and 15 minutes prior to the antigen challenge. We have demonstrated that PAF plays an important role in the development of allergic conjunctivitis. These results clearly indicate that apafant has potential as a topical ocular anti-PAF for treating allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:The role of platelet activating factor and the efficacy of apafant ophthalmic solution in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. 1296 56

It has been reported that antihistamines do not fully modify symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in clinical settings, suggesting that histamine is not the only contributor to symptom generation in the disease. However, in the majority of experimental allergic conjunctivitis models, antihistamines are very effective in the reduction of symptoms. In the present study, we used our recently developed guinea pig model of allergic conjunctivitis and evaluated whether involvement of histamine in the induction of symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis is altered by multiple antigen challenges. Guinea pigs were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of Japanese cedar pollen extracts adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel, and then challenged by dropping a pollen suspension without the adjuvant on each eye once a week until the 15th challenge. The magnitude of the conjunctivitis intensity score (CIS), itch-associated scratching response and albumin leakage were found to increase with repeated challenges. At the 1st-3rd challenges, histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, mepyramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), strongly reduced all these symptoms. However, symptoms at the 5th-15th challenges were not inhibited by mepyramine. On the other hand, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg, i.v.), potently inhibited the increase of CIS and albumin leakage at the 15th challenge. In conclusion, histamine involvement in the induction of conjunctivitis symptoms in our model was diminished by multiple antigen challenges. The allergic conjunctivitis at the chronic stage is partly mediated by nitric oxide (NO) derived from NOSs that may be activated by mediators other than histamine. The histamine-independent allergic conjunctivitis may be useful for analyzing mechanisms underlying chronic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Multiple cedar pollen challenge diminishes involvement of histamine in allergic conjunctivitis of Guinea pigs. 1464 73


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