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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A controlled, double-blind comparison of naphalzoline hydrochloride 0.05%, antazoline phosphate 0.5%, a combination of both components and a placebo was performed on 51 ragweed sensitive patients presenting allergic conjunctivitis. Evaluation of response at various times after instillation of medication for lacrimation, conjunctival inflammation, pruritus, photophobia and pain showed naphazoline hydrochloride, antazoline phosphate and the combination product superior to placebo. The combination product was statistically significantly superior for conjunctival inflammation and photophobia. The need for post-challenge treatment with epinephrine hydrochloride was significantly less in those eyes treated with the combination product. demonstrating prophylactic efficacy.
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PMID:Antazoline phosphate and naphazoline hydrochloride, singly and in combination for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis-a controlled, double-blind clinical trial. 109 85

The eye reacts to foreign substances through a variety of specific and non-specific defense mechanisms. Constantly exposed to a great variety of microorganisms, the eye is capable of protecting itself without altering its own structure and function. Its resistance relies upon anatomic and physiological properties of its external components (eyelids, tears, conjunctiva and cornea). Most of the times, the conjunctiva becomes affected, resulting in a clinical picture of conjunctivitis where allergy predominates, expressed as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis and flictenular conjunctivitis. The physiopathology is considered to be of type I reaction (IgE mediated). Frequent complains often associated with other allergic diseases are: pruritus, tearing, photofobia and ocular redness. The diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis in done by means of a throughout clinical history, conjunctival citology and evaluation of specific IgE with immediate skin tests. Treatment is symptomatic (antihistamines, antibiotics and/or topic steroids), but prevention (environmental control and sodium cromoglycate) and specific immunotherapy must be considered.
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PMID:[Allergic conjunctivitis]. 130 89

To assess the efficacy and safety of twice-daily administration of nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution, we performed a multicenter study involving 140 patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Subjects had a history of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and positive results of a skin test to ragweed. The trial coincided with the peak ragweed pollen season at five treatment centers. Patients treated with nedocromil sodium had improvements in symptoms with statistically significant reductions recorded for eye itching (P less than or equal to .04), conjunctival injection (P less than or equal to .001), and overall disease severity (P less than or equal to .001) as compared to the placebo-treated group. Adverse events were minor and transient. We concluded that nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution administered twice daily is effective in relieving major symptoms associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. 130 10

A 4 week, multicentre, double-blind, double dummy, placebo controlled group comparative study was carried out during the birch pollen season to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops (twice daily) and 2% sodium cromoglycate eye drops (four times daily). Participants with a history of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) were randomized to receive nedocromil sodium (60), sodium cromoglycate (61) or placebo (64). Clinical assessment of SAC showed improvement with both active treatments compared to placebo but symptomatology was low and only changes in photophobia and grittiness reached significance (P < 0.05). Patient diaries showed significant control of itching by both active treatments, compared to placebo, with no differences between the active preparations. Patients' opinions indicated a marked placebo effect: 73% of this group reported full or moderate control of symptoms, compared with 75% in sodium cromoglycate and 80% in the nedocromil sodium group. Unusual symptoms were most common (27 patients) with nedocromil sodium eye drops: P < 0.05 vs. placebo (15 patients). There were no serious adverse events. Nedocromil sodium eye drops (b.d.) and sodium cromoglycate eye drops (q.i.d.) were both considered clinically more effective than placebo in controlling symptoms of SAC due to birch pollen.
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PMID:Double-blind group comparative study of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops with 2% sodium cromoglycate and placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. 146 43

Histamine is the key mediator producing itching, redness and chemosis in allergic conjunctivitis. Histamine levels in tears are increased ten-fold in patients with this allergic condition. Levocabastine is a newly synthesized histamine H1 antagonist which has been formulated as both eye drops and nasal spray. In well established assays of antihistamine activity, levocabastine was found to be the most potent antihistamine compound available, being 15,000 times more potent than chlorpheniramine. Ocular provocation studies in man have shown that levocabastine protects against the symptoms of allergen-induced conjunctivitis. Ophthalmological examinations, including slit lamp and ophthalmoscopy showed no adverse effects. Data from therapeutic studies are available for more than 1700 patients with allergic conjunctivitis treated for 2-16 weeks. One drop of levocabastine (0.5 mg/ml) per eye given two to four times daily provided significantly better symptom control than placebo, with good to excellent results in 71% of patients on levocabastine compared to 55% on placebo (p < 0.001). Levocabastine has a fast onset of action. In one study 94% of patients experienced symptom relief within 15 minutes after the first instillation. The effects observed with levocabastine were at least as good as those with ocular cromoglycate or oral terfenadine. The incidence of adverse experiences was not different from placebo. Levocabastine promises to be a valuable treatment for patients with allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:New trends in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. 136 81

Fifty patients (25 per group) with the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis confirmed by positive skin test enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, parallel group, 2-week comparison of pentigetide, 0.5%, ophthalmic solution (Pentyde) and cromolyn sodium, 4%, USP ophthalmic solution (Opticrom). The physician and the patient rated the patient's overall ocular condition on days 3, 8, and 15. On day 15 both the physician and the patients rated the pentigetide group as significantly (Chi-square, P less than .05) more improved than the cromolyn sodium group. The physician rated independently conjunctival symptoms and ocular signs at days 1, 3, 8, and 15. Improvement in signs and symptoms favored pentigetide in the majority of comparisons to cromolyn sodium (14 of 18). The pentigetide group showed significantly (ANOVA, P less than .05) greater improvement in hyperemia, edema, lacrimation, and blurred vision/photophobia. Patients completed daily diaries for seven symptoms. At the end of the study, comparisons to baseline between groups favored the pentigetide group for six of the seven symptoms; for itching, improvement favored significantly (ANOVA, P less than .05) the pentigetide group. The mean severity of all symptoms decreased by 64% in the pentigetide group as compared with a decrease of 46% in the cromolyn sodium group. Adverse experiences were minor and comparable in both groups. No clinically abnormal changes were noted for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or common laboratory tests. This double-blind, active-controlled trial demonstrates that pentigetide, 0.5%, ophthalmic solution is safe and effective in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Double-blind trial of pentigetide ophthalmic solution, 0.5%, compared with cromolyn sodium, 4%, ophthalmic solution for allergic conjunctivitis. 190 16

Levocabastine is a new H1 receptor blocking antihistamine which is intended for topical use in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The protective effect of the drug in conjunctival provocation test (CPT) was evaluated in a double blind study of 25 children aged 9-17 years with confirmed pollen allergy. One drop of levocabastine, cromoglycate or placebo was instilled into the conjunctival sac of both eyes. After 15 min CPT was performed, starting with 320 BU of pollen extract. The allergen dose was increased every 10 min in half 10-log steps in the right eye until a positive reaction occurred, or the top dose 320,000 BU was reached. The lowest dose resulting in a positive CPT reaction, i.e. at least 50% of the conjunctiva with erythema, was defined as the allergenic threshold dose (ATD). Pretreatment with levocabastine resulted in a median ATD of 32,000 BU, compared with 10,000 after cromoglycate (P less than 0.001) or placebo (P less than 0.01). Levocabastine was also superior in reducing subjective itch in the eyes. Determination of the ATD can be used as a relatively quick assessment of drugs intended for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Topical levocabastine protects better than sodium cromoglycate and placebo in conjunctival provocation tests. 196 26

Cetirizine is a new selective H1-antagonist. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled study, 11 subjects underwent a conjunctival provocation test (CPT) with a grass pollen extract to determine the effect of cetirizine on allergen-induced itching and redness of the eye. Results of CPTs were reproducible, as no difference was observed between the CPTs performed without any pre-treatment and the CPTs after placebo. Compared to placebo, cetirizine administered orally (10 mg twice a day for 4 days) and in double-blind fashion increased the conjunctival reaction threshold (P less than 0.004) by inhibiting both redness and itching of the eye. Cetirizine should protect patients against allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Effect of cetirizine in a conjunctival provocation test with allergens. 197 48

Atopic dermatitis shows a familial disposition and is characterised clinically by extreme pruritus, typical eczematoid pathology and distribution on the integument, a chronic relapsing course, and a personal or familial history of atopic diseases (allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis), as well as numerous other stigmata and microsymptoms. Although numerous exogenous factors help trigger the disease, more recent findings point to an immunological basis. In recent years, numerous cellular malfunctions of immune cells have been reported, with disturbances in T-lymphocyte predominating. The latest investigations now suggest that the reported changes in the immune response are due to an imbalance in the cytokine network. Thus, it has been observed that disturbances of cytokine production depend upon the severity of the disease, and show an AD-characteristic pattern. The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis however, is not yet fully understood.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis]. 204 39

The ophthalmic combination product of 0.05% naphazoline hydrochloride and 0.5% antazoline phosphate (Vasocon-A) was evaluated as an antiallergic agent in 100 subjects with a known allergic history to cat dander, ragweed, or bluegrass pollen. Three independent study sites were used. The allergen challenge model of acute allergic conjunctivitis was selected to assess the agent as it provided a standardized and precise way to measure drug effectiveness for this indication. In a double-masked randomized fashion, the subjects were assigned to one of three groups that received one drop of Vasocon-A in one eye and one drop of either 0.05% naphazoline (group 1), 0.5% antazoline (group 2), or placebo (group 3) in the contralateral eye. After 10 minutes, the dose of allergen shown to elicit a 2+ redness and itching reaction was instilled bilaterally. Signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis were evaluated after 3, 5, and 10 minutes. Subjects were then rechallenged 2 hours after drug administration to assess the duration of action of the agents. Vasocon-A was found to significantly inhibit all five major signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis: itching, redness, chemosis, lid swelling, and tearing, for more than 85% of the comparisons when compared over time with placebo, naphazoline alone, or antazoline alone. The results of this study indicate that the combination of naphazoline and antazoline was more effective in inhibiting redness than naphazoline and more effective in inhibiting itching than antazoline. These findings support the use of such a combination for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Effects of Vasocon-A in the allergen challenge model of acute allergic conjunctivitis. 232 53


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