Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

According to World Health Organization estimates, there are 333 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. The total number of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) is even higher since these infections may have few visible symptoms, especially in women. Left untreated, however, RTIs can lead to infertility. Common symptoms include: unusually thick or foul-smelling vaginal or urethral discharge, genital sores, anal sores, genital itching, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse, painful swelling in the lymph glands or groin, and lower abdominal pain. The open sores associated with STDs such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes greatly increase the risk of HIV transmission, as may STDs such as gonorrhea that are associated with urethral or vaginal discharge. To facilitate the prompt diagnosis and treatment of RTIs, this article briefly describes the diagnosis and long-term effects of gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, genital warts, candida, and bacterial vaginosis.
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PMID:Common infections. 1234 38

Imiquimod as a topical immune response modifier leads to a localized production of interferon and other cytokines. Apart from its use for genital warts it has therefore been used as treatment for different cutaneous neoplasms, including a few cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. We treated 8 patients (4 with mycosis fungoides, 1 with CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma and 3 with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma) with topical imiquimod. Therapy was started three times per week, in cases without response, the frequency was increased to a daily application. Two patients with mycosis fungoides and the patient with the CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma had a complete clinical remission, the other two patients with mycosis fungoides did not show a response to imiquimod. Of the patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, two reached a partial remission, one did not respond to therapy. Two patients had side effects such as erythema and pruritus which disappeared when the frequency of therapy was reduced. Our preliminary data show that imiquimod might be effective in some cases with therapy resistant lesions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as well as of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, but more controlled studies are needed.
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PMID:Topical imiquimod as treatment for different kinds of cutaneous lymphoma. 1857 30

Genital warts affect at least 1% of sexually active adults. Current therapies are inadequate because they are often painful, may fail to prevent recurrence and transmission of warts, and usually require either surgery or at least application by a physician. Investigation of immunotherapy for genital warts began with interferon. It has been studied in topical, intralesional, systemic and adjuvant applications. We review the major clinical trials of interferon for genital warts, and conclude that intralesional therapy with interferon-alpha or interferon-beta, with complete response rates of 36 to 63%, is the most successful route for interferon monotherapy. In choosing patients for therapy with interferon, major considerations include immune status, pregnancy and ability to return for frequent injections. Imiquimod is a new immune response enhancer that acts through stimulating host cytokine production. Interleukins-1, -2, -6, -8 and -12, interferons alpha, beta and gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha have all been associated with the mechanism of action of imiquimod. Recently, 3 clinical trials have reported positive results using topical imiquimod to treat genital warts. Complete response rates ranged from 37 to 54% for these controlled trials of 5% imiquimod cream. Adverse effects reported include localised pruritus, erythema, erosion, burning and pain, which were rarely severe enough to cause discontinuation of the medication. Although further trials are necessary to identify the role of imiquimod in the therapy of genital warts, it appears to be an efficacious and well tolerated patient-controlled measure for wart therapy.
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PMID:A guide to immunotherapy of genital warts: focus on interferon and imiquimod. 1803 Nov 42

Anal condyloma acuminatum is a human papillomavirus (HPV) that affects the mucosa and skin of the anorectum and genitalia. Anal condyloma acuminatum is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted disease in the United States. To date, there are more than 100 HPV types, with HPV-6, HPV-10, and HPV-11 predominately found in the anogenital region and causing approximately 90% of genital warts. Risk factors for anal condyloma acuminatum include multiple sex partners, early coital age, anal intercourse, and immunosuppression. Transmission occurs by way of skin-to-skin contact through sexual intercourse, oral sex, anal sex, or other contact involving the genital area. The virus may remain latent for months to years until specific mechanisms cause production of viral DNA, leading to the presentation of anal condyloma acuminatum.Patients with anal condyloma acuminatum may be asymptomatic or present with presence of painless bumps, itching, and discharge or bleeding. It is not uncommon to have involvement of more than one area, and multiple lesions may also be present and extend into the anal canal or rectum. To date, there is no serologic testing or culture to detect anal condyloma acuminatum; therefore, diagnosis is made clinically or by detection of HPV DNA. Multiple factors determine the choice of treatment, which may range from patient-applied medications to surgical intervention. Despite treatment choice, recurrence rates are high, indicating the importance of patient education on prevention of HPV infection and reinfection. Unfortunately, at this time, no cure exists for anal condyloma acuminatum; however, recently Gardasil and Cervarix (in Australia only) vaccines have become available and are showing promising results.
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PMID:Anal condyloma acuminatum. 1982 Apr 42

Malignancies of the anal margin and perianal skin are relatively uncommon lesions, comprising 3 to 4% of all anorectal malignancies. Commonly included in this group of cancers are Bowen's disease (intraepithelial squamous cell cancer), perianal Paget's disease (intraepithelial adenocarcinoma), invasive squamous cell cancer, basal cell cancer, and malignant melanoma. Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, or giant condyloma acuminatum, is not always included because this lesion is technically benign, although it displays aggressive local invasive behavior that makes it difficult to manage. Complaints are usually nonspecific, such as itching or burning, bleeding, pain, drainage, or a mass. Proper diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion on the part of the surgeon. Innocent local irritations will resolve in a short time with appropriate therapy; those that persist must be biopsied for tissue diagnosis. Wide local excision is the mainstay of treatment for early stage tumors as it preserves continence and obtains adequate local control. Adjunct therapies have been utilized in more advanced or recurrent lesions, including radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and imiquimod. All have met with a fair amount of success in controlling local disease; however, the number of patients treated in each instance is small, making it difficult to design an evidence-based treatment strategy. Invasion and metastasis are relatively rare in this group of neoplasms; perianal Paget's disease has the highest risk of associated underlying neoplasm. The most important consideration in developing a treatment strategy is which strategy would achieve the best clinical result with the least morbidity to the patient.
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PMID:Malignancies of the anal margin and perianal skin. 2043 38

Symptoms of diseases of the female external genitalia are often expressed in pruritus and burning pain. To accomplish a targeted differential diagnosis an exact knowledge of anatomy is essential. An accurate anamnesis, a detailed inspection, and conducting a biopsy or microbiological smear lead to the correct diagnosis. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is the most common non-neoplastic disease of the vulva. This should be distinguished from amongst others lichen ruber planus, psoriasis, contact dermatitis of the vulva, or infectious diseases like condylomata acuminata, herpes genitalis, or mycosis.Preinvasive dysplastic alterations commonly cause symptoms comparable to benign diseases. Their appearance can be very heterogeneous. To avoid missing these conditions, it is often necessary to obtain a biopsy.Vulvar carcinoma occurs most frequently in the 8th decade. Nonetheless it should be included in differential diagnostic considerations in younger women since the incidence of the HP-positive variant is increasing in the younger age group.
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PMID:[The female external genitalia : pathologic findings and first steps in treatment]. 2110 6

Despite its clinical importance, the mechanisms that mediate or generate itch are poorly defined. The identification of pruritic compounds offers insight into understanding the molecular and cellular basis of itch. Imiquimod (IQ) is an agonist of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) used to treat various infectious skin diseases such as genital warts, keratosis, and basal cell carcinoma. Itch is reportedly one of the major side effects developed during IQ treatments. We found that IQ acts as a potent itch-evoking compound (pruritogen) in mice via direct excitation of sensory neurons. Combined studies of scratching behavior, patch-clamp recording, and Ca(2+) response revealed the existence of a unique intracellular mechanism, which is independent of TLR7 as well as different from the mechanisms exploited by other well-characterized pruritogens. Nevertheless, as for other pruritogens, IQ requires the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing neurons for itch-associated responses. Our data provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is a specific subset of TRPV1-expressing neurons that is equipped with diverse intracellular mechanisms that respond to histamine, chloroquine, and IQ.
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PMID:Analysis of cellular and behavioral responses to imiquimod reveals a unique itch pathway in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing neurons. 2130 Aug 78

A 23-year-old woman presented with large exophytic genital wart arising from perineum, vulva, introitus of the vagina, and inner aspect of thighs. Patient developed severe itching and formication (insect-crawling sensation) in the lesions for past 1 week, though careful examination did not reveal any insects. Considering that the disease was causing psychological stress and physical symptoms, radiofrequency excision was planned. However, during the procedure, several maggots appeared from the crypts. The procedure was abandoned and maggots were removed manually. Subsequently external giant warts were removed using radiofrequency device. There was no recurrence of excised warts during 3 month follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of maggots in genital warts.
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PMID:Insects are Crawling in My Genital Warts. 2197 5

Imiquimod 5% cream is a topical immune-response modifier indicated in the treatment of multiple cutaneous conditions including actinic keratoses, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and condylomata acuminata. In children, it has been approved only for ages 12 and older in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts. It has also been used off label for a variety of pediatric skin disorders, including molluscum contagiosum (MC), trichoepitheliomas, verrucae plana, and verrucae vulgaris. Local and systemic adverse reactions have been reported, with the most frequently reported events being application site reactions including itching, burning, erythema, and erosion. Although these local reactions are well known, other rare local and systemic reactions can occur. There have been multiple case reports in adults of rare adverse cutaneous reactions occurring with imiquimod, but few have been reported in children. We present four cases of rare adverse cutaneous reactions. In all cases, the children were being treated with imiquimod 5% cream for verrucae or MC. Two of these patients developed a localized psoriasiform eruption, and two developed mucosal ulcerations.
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PMID:Psoriasiform eruption and oral ulcerations as adverse effects of topical 5% imiquimod treatment in children: a report of four cases. 2261 95

Anogenital warts and lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) are rarely seen during the childhood. A 9-year-old girl has been presented to hospital by her parents with itching in the anogenital area. There were anogenital warts and a different erythematous lesion in the perianal region. On the pulpa of the right thumb, there was a wart extending under the nail. The lesions are surgically removed. The results of the histopathological examination were reported as condyloma acuminata and LSC. Children with anogenital warts should be examined carefully to discover the transmission route and other possible concomitant cutaneous diseases.
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PMID:Lichen Simplex Chronicus That Accompanies Anogenital Warts during the Childhood. 2311 60


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