Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have previously reported that elevated osmolality of nasal secretions is linked to the rhinitic reaction to cold and dry air (CDA) that results in inflammatory mediator release and that nasal challenge with hyperosmolal solutions can induce histamine release in randomly selected individuals. These findings led to a comparison of the effect of nasal challenge with hypertonic fluid in 11 subjects who demonstrated a nasal response to CDA compared to 10 subjects without CDA sensitivity. All volunteers were challenged with isosmolal (300 mosmol/kg H2O) and hyperosmolal (800 mosmol/kg H2O) mannitol solutions. Their response was evaluated by symptom scores and quantification of histamine in nasal lavages. CDA responders differed significantly from non-responders in terms of both the total amount and the concentration of histamine in the lavage following hyperosmolal challenge (p less than 0.04 and p less than 0.02, respectively). In addition, CDA responders reported a higher change from baseline for nasal congestion, pruritus, and lacrimation following hyperosmolal challenge, but the scores for rhinorrhea, the volume of the returned nasal lavage fluid following hyperosmolal challenge, and the capacity to reduce the osmolality of the administered hyperosmolal fluid did not differ. Allergic status was not a factor in hyperosmolal reactivity. To investigate possible differences in nonspecific nasal mucosal sensitivity that could account for these findings, all subjects underwent provocation with five increasing doses of histamine, from 0.01 to 1 mg. No significant difference between CDA responders and nonresponders in symptomatology or in the induction of vascular permeability, as assessed by TAME-esterase activity in nasal fluids, could be demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Studies on the relationships between sensitivity to cold, dry air, hyperosmolal solutions, and histamine in the adult nose. 211 49

In the present experiments the role of unmyelinated sensory fibres in the mechanism of cutaneous inflammatory reactions under normal and pathological conditions has been studied in man and animals. Dye leakage responses to histamine, serotonin, compound 48/80, bradykinin and substance P were significantly reduced, while neurogenic inflammation was completely abolished in rats treated neonatally with capsaicin, as studied quantitatively by the Evans blue technique. Neurogenic inflammation could also be elicited by mustard oil in normally innervated human skin, but not in skin areas affected by herpes zoster or in a patient suffering from congenital analgesia. Repeated topical treatment of the skin with capsaicin (local desensitization) abolished the neurogenic inflammatory response for several days. Chemical pain sensitivity was strongly reduced, and thresholds for warmth and heat pain sensations were significantly elevated. Local capsaicin desensitization of the skin prevented whealing, flare and itch in patients with acquired cold and heat urticaria. The findings indicate that peptide-containing sensory nerves are involved in the mediation of chemogenic and heat pain, and possibly itch, and are responsible for initiation of the neurogenic inflammatory response. The results also provide direct evidence of the involvement of these particular sensory nerves in the modulation of the permeability-increasing effects of putative mediators of acute inflammatory reactions. It is concluded that, through modulation of cutaneous vascular reactions, peptidergic sensory nerves may play a hitherto unrecognized role in the pathomechanism of certain diseases of human skin.
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PMID:The modulation of cutaneous inflammatory reactions by peptide-containing sensory nerves. 241 73

We have studied the influence of cold exposure on itch, erythema and wheal, in response to histamine scratch tests, in 14 volunteers. Cooling of the skin to less than 20 degrees C, by application of an ice cube for 30 min on the inside of the forearm, abolished itch and reduced erythema by approximately 50%, whereas the size of the wheal was unaffected by cooling. The observations bear significance for an explanation of the well-known observation that cold relieves itch. A normal itch response seems to require a continuous metabolic process in the skin, which is inhibited at temperatures less than 20 degrees C. The skin symptoms, itching and erythema, among workers in the fish processing industry are mainly localized to the forearms and backs of the hands, but only seldom to the fingers and palms, although they are in direct contact with fish products. Skin temperature measurements have shown that the temperature on the fingers and palms is less than 20 degrees C, while the temperature on the backs of the hands and forearms ranges from 25 to 30 degrees C. We therefore conclude that the skin temperature is an important factor for the location of skin symptoms among workers in the fish processing industry.
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PMID:The relevance of low skin temperature inhibiting histamine-induced itch to the location of contact urticarial symptoms in the fish processing industry. 279 42

Antihistamines act by competing with histamine for H1 or H2 histamine receptors on cell membranes. In addition, most of the common antihistamines bind other receptors and thus exert other pharmacologic actions. For all practical purposes, mast cells and basophils are the main physiologic sources of histamine, and the primary usefulness of antihistamines is in diseases characterized by excessive production and release of histamine by these two cell types. Experimental models have proven useful for evaluating antihistamine compounds in humans. In these model systems, a test drug may be employed to block one or more of the known effects of exogenously administered histamine or a histamine agonist. Or the release of endogenous histamine may be brought about in a controlled fashion by agents such as allergens, opiates, or compound 48/80, and the drug's effects on this process may then be measured. In the case of the central nervous system, unfortunately, such models are not available and other means of evaluation must be devised. The dose response and duration of action of orally administered antihistamines can be determined in a simple skin model by their blocking of the wheal and erythema (flare) resulting from an intradermal challenge with histamine, an allergen, or compound 48/80. Antihistamines can also be evaluated in urticaria induced by scratching or cold. Itching that commonly follows injection of histamine or an allergen into the skin is also inhibited by this class of drugs. Most of the commonly used antihistamines are effective in these models, which form the basis for evaluating antihistamines in the treatment of skin diseases. In the nose and conjunctiva, other model strategies are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical pharmacodynamics of antihistamines. 289 49

A single oral dose of cetirizine, 10 mg, a new H1 antagonist with minimal sedative effects and devoid of anticholinergic activities, was administered to eight healthy subjects. It markedly inhibited the wheal and flare induced 4 hours later by intracutaneously injected histamine and compound 48/80. Dermographism was produced by different pressures (100 to 500 gm/15 mm2) in 10 patients with factitial urticaria. Four hours after 10 mg of cetirizine, the whealing was absent in eight patients and markedly reduced in the other two subjects. In 12 patients with cold urticaria, wheals were induced by 30 seconds to 12 minutes application of an ice cube. Four hours after 10 mg of cetirizine, the urticarial reaction had disappeared in five patients and was decreased in the other patients. No itching was experienced in any of the patients after cetirizine, but the tested areas had an erythema lasting for 20 to 60 minutes.
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PMID:Inhibiting effect of cetirizine on histamine-induced and 48/80-induced wheals and flares, experimental dermographism, and cold-induced urticaria. 295 19

Four patients with aquagenic pruritus (AP), one patient with polycythemia rubra vera, one patient with cold urticaria, and three normal control volunteers were studied to better understand the pathophysiology of water-induced itching. Punch biopsy specimens were taken before and after water contact; the specimens were immediately frozen, sectioned, and stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This was localized in the nerve fibers surrounding eccrine sweat glands and was quantified by microspectrophotometry. In AP and polycythemia rubra vera after water exposure a significantly increased AChE activity suggesting acetylcholine release was observed, whereas in the patient with cold urticaria and the controls, a significant decrease was noted. Two related patients with AP had an inherited abnormality of serum cholinesterase, which, however, had no obvious correlation with their particular disease. The proof of AChE activation might support the clinical diagnosis and indicate a hypothetical involvement of eccrine sweat glands in the pathogenesis of AP.
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PMID:Aquagenic pruritus. Water-induced activation of acetylcholinesterase. 333 47

Ciguatera fish poisoning is the most common fish poisoning in the United States. Symptoms involve the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological systems. No known treatment exists. We explore the therapeutic effect of amitriptyline in two patients and nifedipine in one patient. Amitriptyline demonstrated resolution of most symptoms except for heat/cold reversal in one patient and heat/cold reversal, pruritus and headache in the second patient. We then used nifedipine in the second patient and noted only the resolution of his headaches. We recommend further study of these agents for the treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning.
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PMID:Treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with amitriptyline and nifedipine. 343 Jun 58

We identified two siblings with exercise-induced anaphylaxis who share the HLA haplotype A3-B8-DR3 with their atopic father. The index case, a 16-year-old female, noted initial episodes at age 13. Intense pruritus, urticaria, facial edema, choking sensation, nausea, hypothermia, and collapse followed vigorous running but not swimming, cycling, racquetball, solar exposure, or cold exposure. Neither antihistamine, antiserotonin, anticholinergic nor epinephrine therapy was entirely effective or protective; only modification of running prevented episodes. Three similar episodes were noted at age 15 years by a brother who, now age 25, relates a 4-year history of seasonal rhinitis and exercise-related urticaria without anaphylactoid reaction. The remainder of the family (father, 47; mother, 46; brother, 22 years) does not have exercise intolerance. The father has allergic rhinitis; his nephew suffers exercise-induced urticaria without collapse. HLA typing revealed the father to be A1-B8-DR3, A3-B8-DR3; the symptomatic daughter to be A3-B8-DR3, A30-B5-DR8; and the symptomatic son to be A3-B8-DR3, A30-B5-DR8. The asymptomatic mother was A30-B5-DR8, A2-B7-DR5 and the asymptomatic son A1-B8-DR3, A30-B5-DR8. We describe exercise-induced anaphylaxis in a unique familial setting, perhaps linked to the HLA haplotype A3-B8-DR3.
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PMID:Familial exercise-induced anaphylaxis. 347 Oct 98

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, untoward reactions to capillary hemodialyzers occur at a rate of 3.5 of every 100,000 dialyzers sold. Allergic symptoms immediately after initiation of dialysis consist of burning retrosternal pain, sensation of diffuse heat, cold perspiration, periorbital and facial edema, flushing, laryngeal stridor, bronchial hypersecretion, hypotension, bradycardia, and loss of consciousness. In 1982 Popli et al. reported four patients suffering from such allergic manifestations; three were successfully managed after being taken off dialysis. These investigators thought that inadequate rinsing of cuprammonium cellulose capillary dialyzers was responsible for the reactions, and recommended rinsing the blood compartment with 2 liters of normal saline, and the dialysate compartment with 10 liters of dialysate, both in a single-pass fashion over 20 minutes. Nichols and Platts (1982) (3) reported 15 patients with urticaria, severe bronchospasm, and shock occurring immediately after the blood had been returned from the dialyzer. These authors suggested that the sterilizing agent, ethylene oxide (ETO), was responsible. Poothullil et al. (1975) (4) described a patient with pruritus, severe dyspnea, and hypotension during dialysis. On the basis of a positive skin prick test (dermal reaction to ETO-exposed human albumin) and of antigen-induced histamine release from peripheral leucocytes, these workers suggested that ETO was responsible for the allergic reactions. Marshall et al. (1984) (5) reported that 8.9% of hemodialysis patients had positive skin tests to ETO and that 12.1% were ETO-radioallergosorbent test (RAST) positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Three cases of hemodialysis-associated hypersensitivity reactions. 405 93

Nine patients with acquired cold urticaria were studied to assess the effects of beta-adrenergic agents, xanthines, and corticosteroids on cold-evoked histamine release from skin in vivo. The patients, in all of whom an immediate urticarial response developed after cooling of the forearm, demonstrated release of histamine into the venous blood draining that forearm. Following treatment with aminophylline and albuterol in combination or prednisone alone, suppression of histamine release occurred in all but one patient. In some patients, this was accompanied by a subjective diminution in pruritus or buring, but there was no significant improvement in the ensuing edema or erythema. In one patient, total suppression of histamine release was achieved without any effect on whealing and erythema in response to cold challenge. Our results suggest that histamine is not central to the pathogenesis of vascular changes in acquired cold urticaria.
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PMID:Cold urticaria. Dissociation of cold-evoked histamine release and urticara following cold challenge. 615 20


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