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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In vitro studies indicate that an intact female condom effectively prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection, remains impermeable during intercourse, and is more leak resistant than the male latex condom. Most trials in 30 countries show that, with practice, women can easily insert the condom. Women not bothered by touching their genitals and who have experience with male condoms or insertion of objects (e.g., diaphragms) into the vagina report fewer problems with insertion. The rings of the female condom appear to bother both women and their partners. The inner ring caused 30% of women in Thailand to stop using it. 20% of males did not like their penises touching the ring. Prostitutes in France and their patrons removed the inner ring and used it like a male condom. Mexican prostitutes objected to its overly large size, fearing that penises that large would not go into their vaginas. Other users did not like its baggy appearance. Some Mexican women did not like the outer ring being outside the vagina, but after experience, they considered it to be positive since it provides protection and is hygienic. Some infrequent complaints include noisiness, labial itching, and irritation. Sexual pleasure seems to increase with use. More than 50% of trial participants and partners considered the female condom to be acceptable and would use it again. Prostitutes in Mexico and Cameroon were very pleased, mainly because the female condom can protect them against HIV and STDs. Low-income prostitutes and their clients in Thailand appreciated it. Men in developing countries tended to dislike it more than those in developed countries. The female condom will be available for women in the US and in Europe in 1993. It is relatively expensive, and the price should be reduced.
AIDS Health Promot Exch 1992
PMID:The female condom tested. 1231 44

According to World Health Organization estimates, there are 333 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. The total number of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) is even higher since these infections may have few visible symptoms, especially in women. Left untreated, however, RTIs can lead to infertility. Common symptoms include: unusually thick or foul-smelling vaginal or urethral discharge, genital sores, anal sores, genital itching, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse, painful swelling in the lymph glands or groin, and lower abdominal pain. The open sores associated with STDs such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes greatly increase the risk of HIV transmission, as may STDs such as gonorrhea that are associated with urethral or vaginal discharge. To facilitate the prompt diagnosis and treatment of RTIs, this article briefly describes the diagnosis and long-term effects of gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, genital warts, candida, and bacterial vaginosis.
AIDS Action
PMID:Common infections. 1234 38

A wide range of genital infections and skin conditions may present with vulval pruritus. Lichen sclerosus is one cause. This is often associated with visible skin changes which include atrophy, resorption or fusion of the labia, sclerosis and excoriation. Ulceration may indicate malignant transformation and requires urgent biopsy. Many experienced clinicians diagnose lichen sclerosus on clinical appearance, however we recommend a low threshold for biopsy, especially for non-responding or odd looking lesions. We report a patient whose vulval skin biopsy for clinically suspected lichen sclerosus revealed extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. We review the pathology, prognosis and treatment of this condition.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Feb
PMID:Extramammary Paget's disease masquerading as lichen sclerosus. 1500 79

Little is known about the prevalence of rectal chlamydial infection amongst men who have sex with men (MSM). Previous studies using culture methods reported this to be between 4-6%. The emergence of nucleic acid amplification tests has significantly increased the sensitivity and specificity for chlamydial detection, making it possible to estimate the prevalence of rectal infection more accurately. A prospective cross sectional study involving 443 MSM who were screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between May 1999 and January 2002. Rectal swabs for chlamydiae were obtained in addition to specimens for routine STI screening. Rectal chlamydiae were detected by ligase chain reaction (LCR) utilizing the Abbott LCX Amplicor with confirmation by COBASE amplicor for the majority of cases. Those with rectal chlamydial infection were treated with azithromycin. The characteristics of men with rectal chlamydial infection were compared with those who were not infected at this site. Rectal chlamydia was detected in 32 (7.2%) of 443 patients. Those with rectal chlamydial infection were more likely to have rectal symptoms (12/32) or having a partner with confirmed chlamydial (2/32) or gonococcal (3/32) urethritis than those MSM without rectal chlamydial infection. They were also more likely to have a history of receptive anal sex (25/32) in the previous three months compared to those MSM without rectal chlamydial infection (263/411). The most common symptoms of patients with rectal chlamydial infection were pruritus ani and peri-anal pain. Eight (25%) of those with rectal chlamydial infection were known to be HIV seropositive. Rectal chlamydial infection is common amongst MSM and is effectively diagnosed by LCR. The test should be included in the routine STI screening offered to MSM.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Mar
PMID:The prevalence of rectal chlamydial infection amongst men who have sex with men attending the genitourinary medicine clinic in Edinburgh. 1560 99

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucosa, presenting to genitourinary physicians and dermatologists. It affects both sexes and all age groups. Although the exact aetiology is uncertain, genetic predisposition, infections and autoimmune factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Symptoms include pruritus and soreness, but asymptomatic presentations are not uncommon. The classical clinical picture is of atrophic white plaques in the anogenital region. Histopathology is specific with basal cell degeneration, upper dermal oedema, homogenization of collagen and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Short courses of potent topical corticosteroids form the mainstay of treatment. The condition tends to be remitting and relapsing, with spontaneous regressions reported in a few. In men, the term balanitis xerotica obliterans is sometimes used to describe late and severe LS of the penis. Scarring and progression to squamous cell carcinomas can occur in chronic LS, resulting in significant morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach to care and the need for long-term monitoring cannot be overemphasized.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Jul
PMID:Lichen sclerosus. 1630 84

Pruritic Papular Eruption with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (PPE-HIV) is characterized by symmetrically distributed papules with pruritus in the skin of patients suffering advanced HIV infection. Although known since 1985, the etiology of this symptomatic dermatitis is unclear. We set out to characterize the phenotype of the infiltrating cells and the cytokine profile in the lesions, as an attempt to contribute to determining its etiopathogenesis. Clinical data and histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of skin biopsies from 20 HIV patients with PPE were studied. The histopathological aspects, cell immunophenotypes, and cytokine expressions in the lesions where quantified and compared to perilesional skin, and to those in the clinically normal skin of HIV patients without PPE-HIV (n=11) and those in normal skin samples from HIV negative individuals (n=10). PPE-HIV occurred mainly in HIV patients with mean CD4+ counts of 124.6 +/- 104 lymphocytes/mm3. Furthermore, their eosinophil counts were significantly increased. The skin lesions were characterized by a predominantly perivascular dermal lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Langerhans cells were normally distributed in the epidermis and seen among the cellular components of dermal infiltrates. The density of CD8+ lymphocytes was elevated and the density of CD4+ cells was reduced in dermal infiltrates. Interleukin 5 was the predominant cytokine in the lesions. Electron microscopic analysis didn't disclose HIV or other infectious agents in the lesions. These results refute the hypothesis of an infectious etiology of PPE-HIV. CD8+ lymphocytes and Langerhans cells seem to have roles in the pathogenesis of PPE-HIV. The increased frequency of IL5 was associated with abundant eosinophils in the lesions, suggesting a type Th2 response in this dermatitis.
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PMID:Pruritic papular eruption associated with HIV-etiopathogenesis evaluated by clinical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. 1633 70

The recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of 2 medications--methylnaltrexone and alvimopan--introduces a new class of therapeutic entities to clinicians. These peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists selectively reverse opioid actions mediated by receptors outside the central nervous system, while preserving centrally mediated analgesia. Methylnaltrexone, administered subcutaneously, has been approved in the United States, Europe, and Canada. In the United States, it is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with advanced illness (eg, cancer, AIDS) who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Alvimopan, an orally administered medication, has been approved in the United States to facilitate recovery of gastrointestinal function after bowel resection and primary anastomosis. Clinical and laboratory studies performed during the development of these drugs have indicated that peripheral receptors mediate other opioid effects, including decreased gastric emptying, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, and urinary retention. Laboratory investigations with these compounds suggest that opioids affect fundamental cellular processes through mechanisms that were previously unknown. These mechanisms include modifications of human immunodeficiency virus penetration, tumor angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and bacterial virulence.
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PMID:Development of peripheral opioid antagonists' new insights into opioid effects. 1882 66

Porphyria cutanea tarda is a disease of disordered accumulation of heme, which is needed for biosynthesis of hepatic cytochromes. It most commonly occurs in a sporadic form among persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); however, HIV infection is also a reported risk factor. Hepatic iron overload appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda. Common cutaneous findings with porphyria cutanea tarda are vesicles or bullae, milia, and hyperpigmentation in sun-exposed areas. We report a case of porphyria cutanea tarda presenting primarily as severe pruritus in an HIV/HCV-coinfected person after completion of therapy for hepatitis C.
AIDS Read 2008 Nov
PMID:Severe pruritus after completing pegylated interferon for hepatitis C. 1906

A 24-year-old lady presented to an evening genitourinary (GU) clinic with a short history of vulval and anal irritation. On perianal examination, several threadworms were visible. Symptoms resolved with oral mebendazole and strict personal and environmental hygiene. Threadworm is a common and easily treatable cause of pruritus ani, yet is underreported in GU literature. If the history is suggestive, consider performing the diagnostic cellophane test and/or prescribing empirical treatment.
Int J STD AIDS 2009 May
PMID:Threadworm: an infrequent clinical finding in a genitourinary medicine clinic attendee presenting with ano-genital irritation. 1981 24

Complementary remedies represent a potential alternative treatment for chronic diseases, including HIV/AIDS cases not meeting criteria for using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of CKBM-A01, a Chinese herbal medicine, and patient quality of life (QoL). Asymptomatic HIV patients with CD4 counts of 250-350 cells/microl were recruited into this open-labeled trial. Liquid CKBM-A01 was prescribed for a 36-week period. Study participants recorded all symptoms themselves on diary cards. Study parameters, including CD4 cell counts, HIV viral loads, and blood chemistry, were periodically monitored and questionnaires were used to assess QoL and to help with risk reduction. Eighteen volunteers, mean age (+/- SD) 32.07 (+/- 6.88) years, had a median (interquartile range, IQR) baseline CD4 count of 292 (268.50-338.25) cells/microl. No serious drug-related adVerse events due to CKBM-A01 were detected during the study. Intermittent diarrhea was reported in 55.6%, weakness or skin rash/itching in 50%, and increased bowel movement in 33.7%. No significant changes in log viral load or CD4 cell counts were observed at the end of the study. Most of the volunteers (72.2%) expressed satisfaction with CKBM-A01 and had a positive perception. Common colds and nasal symptoms were significantly lower during treatment (p = 0.019). CKBM-A01 appeared to be safe but gave no significant improvement in QoL in asymptomatic HIV patients, and gave no significant improvement in the treatment of HIV based on CD4 cell counts and viral loads.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of CKBM-A01, a Chinese herbal medicine, among asymptomatic HIV patients. 1984 34


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