Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033774 (pruritus)
 14,546 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An estimated two million new adult and pediatric HIV infections occurred worldwide during 1992, more than 50% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, 25% in Asia, and one-eighth in Latin America and the Caribbean. The remaining infections occurred in Europe, North America, and the industrialized countries of the Pacific Rim. Transmission by sexual intercourse and from an infected woman to her fetus/child remain major routes of transmission. The World Health Organization estimates that there will be a cumulative total of 30-40 million people infected with HIV by the year 2000. Over time, increasing numbers of people already infected with HIV and soon to be infected will develop AIDS and require higher levels of care. Obstacles to increasing access to cost-effective drugs for HIV/AIDS in developing countries, however, include weak drug distribution systems, the improper prescribing of available drugs by health workers, and the improper use of these drugs by patients who have not been appropriately educated by prescribing health workers. Currency shortages and lack of political will underlie these obstacles. This paper considers cost-effective prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-related infections including tuberculosis, candidiasis, penicilliosis, combined chemoprophylaxis, pruritus and diarrhea with wasting, and HIV infection. The prevention of HIV transmission is discussed under headings on heterosexual and perinatal transmission, followed by a discussion on increasing access to cost-effective drugs.
AIDS 1993
PMID:Treatment, prophylaxis and research priorities for developing countries. 836 92

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) will be the most common disease triggering crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Scabies should be suspected in any atypical itching (or non) rash in HIV/AIDS patients. Attempt to prove the diagnosis by doing a skin scraping, or if negative, a skin biopsy. Unusual forms of scabies in HIV/AIDS can be divided into crusted scabies and atypical (exaggerated) scabies. Therapy requires the sequential use of scabicides, usually over a longer period than is required to clear an ordinary case of scabies. Compliance is a concern, and the scabicides are best administered under supervision whenever possible. Isolating the index patient and treating the environment of patients with crusted or atypical scabies is much more significant than in ordinary scabies. The transmission in hospitals of ordinary scabies from an index patient with crusted scabies to other patients, health care workers, etc, is common. Protective measures and early diagnosis and therapy are essential.
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PMID:Scabies in AIDS. 847 36

From January 1988 to December 1993, we identified six men with minimally invasive (stage I) squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and 10 men with anal carcinoma in situ (CIS). Of the six patients with invasive carcinoma, four were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including one with AIDS. Of the 10 patients with CIS, eight were infected with HIV, including four with AIDS. Anal pain and bleeding were the most common symptoms of minimally invasive anal cancer and anal CIS. Anal irritation, burning, or pruritus occurred more frequently in patients with CIS, whereas anal ulcers, masses, or abscesses were more frequent in patients with minimally invasive cancer. Several patients with CIS had a discrete area of leukoplakia in the anal canal or a pigmented plaque of the anus and anal canal. These lesions were not observed in patients with minimally invasive anal cancer. The symptoms and signs of early-stage anal cancer in men at risk for developing HIV infection or men infected with HIV often resemble those of other common anorectal diseases in homosexual men. Anal cancer in HIV-infected men is not limited to those individuals with AIDS.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of minimally invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in homosexual men. 852 51

A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study was carried out to assess the efficacy of inosine pranobex (1 g orally 3 times a day for 6 weeks) in the treatment of symptomatic subclinical human papillomavirus infection of the vulva. In a series of 55 women, 22 patients in the inosine pranobex group and 24 patients in the placebo group were suitable for analysis. A total of 14 (63.5%) of the inosine pranobex treated patients and 4 (16.7%) of the placebo treated patients showed significant vulval epithelial morphological improvement (P = 0.005) at 2 months after initiation of treatment. Whereas 13 (59.1%) and 9 (37.5%) patients in the respective groups showed significant improvement in the severity of pruritus vulvae (P = 0.435). Twelve (66.7%) of 18 patients with morphological improvement compared to 10 (35.7%) of 28 patients with no morphological improvement experienced significant symptomatic alleviation of pruritus vulvae (P = 0.041). Similar results were seen at the second assessment 4 months after the initiation of treatment. Adverse drug reactions were reported by 2 patients in the treatment group and by 2 patients (skin rash) in the placebo group. These adverse reactions were mild and self limiting. It is concluded that inosine pranobex demonstrated a significant pharmacological activity in subclinical HPV infection of the vulva and should be considered an alternative treatment for the condition.
Int J STD AIDS 1996 Jul
PMID:Efficacy of inosine pranobex oral therapy in subclinical human papillomavirus infection of the vulva: a randomized double-blinded placebo controlled study. 887 59

Eosinophilic folliculitis is a common cause of morbidity in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and a marker of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). No causative organism has yet been identified, although an aberrant Th2-type immune response to a follicular antigen appears relevant to pathogenesis. A variety of treatments have been reported to minimize the inflammatory component, relieve the concomitant pruritus, and/or favorably alter the cutaneous microenvironment.
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PMID:HIV-related eosinophilic folliculitis: a panel discussion. 930 Jun 33

A cross-sectional study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients who attended the HIV clinic in Brighton over a 4-month period was carried out to describe the prevalence and severity of skin manifestations in HIV-positive patients and to elucidate their association with the peripheral CD4 cell count and with the HIV disease stage. The subjects were consecutively examined by an experienced dermatologist. Skin manifestations were classified into infections, dermatoses, pruritus and neoplasm. A severity index was derived by scoring each condition as either absent, mild, moderate or severe. One hundred and fifty-one patients were enrolled with a mean age of 38.3 years. One hundred and thirty-nine were homo/bisexual men; 58 were asymptomatic and 35 had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); 37 had CD4 counts below 200. Skin conditions were present in 138 of the 151 subjects (91.4%). The total number of events was 331. The most frequent problem was infection followed by dermatoses, pruritus and malignancy. The most frequent condition was seborrhoeic eczema followed by tinea and xerosis. We have demonstrated a statistically significant association between CD4 count, disease stage and skin manifestations in HIV-positive individuals.
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PMID:The prevalence of skin disease in HIV infection and its relationship to the degree of immunosuppression. 976 73

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a frequent inflammatory process in women but it has not been widely studied in female sex workers (FSWs). To estimate the frequency of Candida species infection in FSWs and to identify related risk factors and clinical findings, we carried out a retrospective study of 1923 FSWs over 11 years. We also performed a prospective study of 163 consecutive FSWs with a history of candidiasis during a 4-year period. Candida species were isolated in 1967 samples (18.5% of the total). Candida albicans (89.3%) was the most frequent species, followed by Candida glabrata (2.7%), Candida parapsilosis (1.2%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.4%). In the prospective study of 163 patients, we found vaginal discharge in 76.1% of cases, soreness in 52.1% and vulval pruritus in 32.5%. We identified 12 patients (7.4%) with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. No statistical difference was found between recurrent vulvovaginitis and the use of oral contraceptives, oral sex, tight-fitting clothing and synthetic underwear. FSWs have the same prevalence of candidiasis as other groups of women described in published literature. The proportion of albicans and non-albicans species does not differ between women with recurrent and non-recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).
Int J STD AIDS 1998 Sep
PMID:Vulvovaginal candidiasis in female sex workers. 976 36

Hydroxylamine derivatives of sulfamethoxazole may be the reactive metabolites that cause adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). The increased frequency of reactions observed in HIV-positive individuals is hypothesized to be due to systemic glutathione deficiency and a decreased ability to scavenge these metabolites. Two hundred and thirty-eight patients were randomized to receive or not receive N-acetylcysteine (3 g of the 20% liquid solution) 1 hour before each dose of TMP-SMX (trimethoprim 80 mg, sulfamethoxazole 400 mg) twice daily, which was initiated as primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. Forty-five patients had to discontinue TMP-SMX within 2 months because of fever, rash, or pruritus including 25 of 102 patients (25%) who were receiving TMP-SMX alone and 20 of 96 patients (21%) who were randomized to TMP-SMX and N-acetylcysteine. The difference between treatment groups is 4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -16%, +9%). No independent association was found with the hypersensitivity reaction and age, gender, race, HIV risk factor, prior AIDS, concurrent use of fluconazole, or baseline CD4. N-acetylcysteine at a dose of 3 g twice daily could not be shown to prevent TMP-SMX hypersensitivity reactions in patients with HIV infection.
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PMID:A randomized trial of N-acetylcysteine for prevention of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole hypersensitivity reactions in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis (CTN 057). Canadian HIV Trials Network 057 Study Group. 985 64

Vaginal formulations may have "dual" protective activity, against sexually transmitted diseases/AIDS and unplanned pregnancy. The attributes that women find acceptable or unacceptable for such dual protective methods were investigated. More than 50% of the women would not accept messiness, but it was more accepted for dual protective methods than for contraceptives. Very few women would use a dual protective method if it caused vaginal irritation, itching, swelling, or burning, problems associated with presently marketed methods. More than half of the women would use it if it appeared on the penis of their partner or required refrigeration. Use of an applicator to insert the formulation was generally preferred over a manual method. Most women preferred the formulation to be colorless or white, about 16% liked light colors, and about 10% liked darker colors. Almost half of the women were willing to pay up to $5.00 per application of a dual protective formulation, about 15% $3.00, and 30% $1.00. Dual protective methods seem highly acceptable and women would pay much more for them than for condoms. However, these methods should be free of problems usually associated with presently marketed formulations.
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PMID:Women's preferences for vaginal antimicrobial contraceptives. IV. Attributes of a formulation that would protect from STD/AIDS. 986 8

As patients with HIV/AIDS are living longer with the illness, pain and symptom management are increasingly important health issues. This article will discuss the assessment and management of such common problems as pain, fatigue and weakness, dyspnea and cough, anorexia and weight-loss, nausea and vomiting, sleep disorders, dry mouth, diarrhea, itching, and fever and night sweats.
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PMID:Palliative care: pain and symptom management in persons with HIV/AIDS. 992 83


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