Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antithrombin III (AT II/III) was determined immunologically and by means of a heparin cofactor assay in plasma samples and 24-hour urine of 15 patients with various degrees of proteinuria, being predominantly of glomerular origin. In urine the AT II/III concentrations were significantly correlated to the concentrations of albumin, plasminogen and IgG. One third of the patients had AT II/III plasma levels below the normal range. The plasma levels showed a significant inverse correlation to the AT II/III and albumin clearance rates. Similarily, the plasminogen concentrations in plasma were decreased in two thirds of the patients, being inversely correlated to the renal plasminogen clearance values. It is proposed that AT II/III deficiency in the nephrotic syndrome is an important pathogenetic factor in venous thrombosis.
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PMID:Acquired antithrombin III deficiency in patients with glomerular proteinuria. 68 89

Eighteen out of 57 patients (31-6 per cent) suffering from Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) were found to have the nephrotic syndrome, histologically proven amyloidosis and progressive renal failure. In 14 cases renal function deteriorated rapidly after the first appearance of significant proteinuria, and 12 cases (66-7 per cent) required regular haemodialysis. Seven of these patients, seen in the early stages of renal impairment, were subsequently diagnosed clinically as probably having developed renal vein thrombosis. There was radiological proof of intrarenal or major renal vein occlusion in five which in one patient progressed to inferior vena cave obstruction. Treatment with heparin, plasminogen activators and fibrinogenolytic agents was disappointing although renal function has stabilized in one patient on long term oral anticoagulant therapy. It is suggested that renal vein thrombosis is common in FMF with renal amyloidosis and usually causes rapid deterioration of function and irreversible renal failure requiring dialysis. Renal phlebography may delineate clot in the main renal veins or indicate areas of reduced blood flow due to thromboses in intrarenal venules. Treatment is only partially satisfactory but there is some evidence to suggest that renal phlebography should be undertaken promptly when renal function begins to fall followed by anticoagulant therapy to prevent further thromboembolic complications.
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PMID:Renal vein thrombosis as the major cause of renal failure in familial Mediterranean fever. 86 77

In view of the association between pre-eclampsia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, three patients presenting with severe pre-eclampsia before the 28th week of pregnancy were treated with heparin. In all three patients, there was deterioration of hypertension and proteinuria that necessitated the withdrawal of treatment after five to six days. During treatment, serum and urinary fibrinolytic degradation products (FDPs) continued to rise or remained unaltered, plasminogen levels showed a steady fall, and the platelet count remained at a reduced level. These data suggest that heparin was an ineffective form of treatment and did not prevent the intravascular fibrin deposition associated with severe pre-eclampsia.
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PMID:Failure of heparin therapy to affect the clinical course of severe pre-eclampsia. 118 91

Patients with heavy proteinuria have an increased incidence of venous thrombosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). They also exhibit perturbations in lipoprotein metabolism. Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) predisposes to CHD; it may also promote intravascular thrombosis since it contains apolipoprotein (a), which could act as a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation. We have measured the concentration of serum Lp(a) in 10 men with proteinuria due to idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), in eight men with a similar diagnosis but who were in remission, and in 103 healthy men. Serum Lp(a) levels were significantly elevated in the men with active IMN, having a median value of 31.3 (range 3.2-75.0) mg/dl, whereas they were 8.4 (3.4-31.5) mg/dl in the patients in remission, which was similar to the value of 11.3 (< 0.8-87.4) mg/dl found in the healthy controls. Lp(a) is unique in containing an apolipoprotein which is a giant mutant of plasminogen and it is thus possible that the high circulating levels of Lp(a) contribute to the vascular morbidity associated with proteinuria by promoting thrombosis or atherogenesis or both.
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PMID:Serum lipoprotein (a) in men with proteinuria due to idiopathic membranous nephropathy. 133 76

Plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Fbg), plasminogen (PLG), antithrombin III (AT III), alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI), thrombin antithrombin III complex (TAT) and plasmin alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were evaluated in 23 nephrotic patients with proteinuria more than 3.5 g/day, including 4 cases with clinical evidence of thromboembolism. Among patients without thromboembolism, concentration of PLG and AT III was in the normal range but that of Fbg and alpha 2-PI was significantly elevated (p less than 0.01 for Fbg and p less than 0.001 for alpha 2-PI respectively). Also there was a positive relationship between AT III and serum albumin (p less than 0.05). Two fifth of these patients had an had an increased level of TAT, and also had a higher level of PIC compared with normal control (p less than 0.01). There was a positive relationship between TAT and PIC, TAT and Fbg (p less than 0.05), PIC and Fbg (p less than 0.01). TAT and PIC levels were markedly elevated in the patients with thromboembolism. From aforementioned data, it was suggested that patients with nephrotic syndrome would be in the prethrombotic state and the increased level of Fbg is one of the major risk factors of thromboembolic complications in these patients. Furthermore measurement of TAT and PIC are the useful means for the diagnosis of these complications.
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PMID:[Concentration of thrombin antithrombin III complex and plasmin alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex in nephrotic syndrome]. 183 41

Forty-seven patients with IgA nephropathy were classified as having mesangial pattern (M: 29 cases) or mesangiocapillary pattern (C: 18 cases) according to an intraglomerular distribution of fibronectin (FN) observed by the immunofluorescence (IF) technique. The relationships between these IF patterns and the clinical pictures, and that between these IF patterns and prognosis of the disease were investigated. Significantly higher diastolic blood pressure, proteinuria, serum creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol and IgA, and lower total protein were noted in C pattern as compared with M pattern. beta-thromboglobulin, fibrinogen (Fib) and platelet factor 4 were found to be significantly higher in C pattern. Platelet aggregation (ADP 1 microM/ml) and FN tended to increase (p less than 0.1) as well. The distribution of FN in the glomeruli was similar to those of IgA and Fib, although perfect agreement was not observed. The picture in which FN might be infiltrated into the endothelial side of the glomerular basement membrane from the mesangium was observed in C pattern by the immunoelectron microscopic study. In the follow-up study, proteinuria showed a tendency to decrease in M pattern. On the other hand no marked change was observed in C pattern. C pattern showed high serum Cr levels throughout the course of the study as compared with M pattern. A significantly greater number of C pattern cases had serum Cr of 2 mg/dl or higher, C pattern showed a significant decrease of 1/Cr over time as compared with M pattern. Higher serum Fib and FN, platelet aggregation (ADP 1 microM/ml), antithrombin III and plasminogen were observed in C pattern as compared with M pattern. These results suggest that an involvement of tissue FN, especially the existence of FN in the capillary loop, may be an aggravating factor of IgA nephropathy, in addition to an augmented platelets-blood coagulation mechanisms. Therefore, it may be possible to evaluate the prognosis of IgA nephropathy by FN deposit patterns.
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PMID:[Studies on the intraglomerular distribution of fibronectin in IgA nephropathy--in relation to clinical pictures and prognosis]. 219 63

In this study, blood coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters were measured in maternal blood and fetal umbilical cord blood in 200 normal pregnant women and in 46 with severe toxemia of pregnancy (Toxemia), and the relationships between fetal growth and concentrations protein C (PC), antithrombin-III (AT-III) and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI) were studied. 1. Significant increases in fibrin degradation products (FDP) and in plasminogen (Plg), AT-III and PC were found in maternal blood of Toxemia. A significant increase in AT-III and a decrease in alpha 2-PI and PC were observed in cord blood from these patients. 2. The platelet count (Pl) tended to be low in patients with Toxemia complicated by fetal growth retardation (IUGR). 3. Pl and fibrinogen (Fib) tended to be high in Toxemia complicated by normal fetal growth. 4. PC increased from early pregnancy, and a further increase was observed in the puerperium. 5. The PC concentration correlated with the AT-III but not with the alpha 2-PI concentration in maternal blood. 6. PC in cord blood was lower than that in maternal blood, and was correlated with AT-III and alpha 2-PI. 7. In patients with Toxemia, PC was reduced in both maternal and cord blood, and this correlated with AT-III as well as alpha 2-PI in maternal blood. 8. PC was low in Toxemia complicated by hypertension and proteinuria. These results suggest the involvement of FDP, AT-III, PC and Plg in the pathogenesis of Toxemia, and that the Pl, Fib, FDP and alpha 2-PI concentrations are related to fetal growth. Therefore, the PC and AT-III concentrations appeared to be a useful index for the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in pregnant women and appeared to be important factors in the degree of Toxemia and IUGR.
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PMID:[Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic studies in patients with toxemia of pregnancy]. 227 12

Twenty cases of primary nephrotic syndrome were treated with urokinase at a dosage of 60,000 units per day for two successive weeks. The results showed that after treatment the concentrations of fibrinogen, urine FDP, alpha 2-plasma inhibitor and plasminogen were significantly decreased (P value less than 0.01, less than 0.01, less than 0.001, less than 0.005 respectively). The concentration of antithrombin III was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that the treatment obviously increased the fibrinolytic activity and improved the hypercoagulated state. The clinical data showed that in addition to decrease of proteinuria and obvious increase of urine volume, the clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters showed no significant difference. Further study on the dosage and indications of urokinase is needed and the activity of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with deep vein thrombosis of lower extremities was also discussed.
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PMID:[Primary nephrotic syndrome treated with urokinase--a report of 20 cases]. 258 15

The distribution of fibronectin (FN) and the depositions of fibrinolytic components in human renal glomeruli with a variety of pathologic disorders were examined on biopsy specimens by immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic methods. In a majority of the cases with thickening of capillary walls and/or with fibrin deposits in the capillary walls, staining for FN along the walls of the capillary loops (capillary pattern) was noted in addition to the staining in the mesangial area. In the capillary pattern with fibrin deposition, deposits of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor and plasminogen, which are major components of the fibrinolytic system, were also seen along the capillary walls with a high frequency of occurrence. Plasminogen deposits, however, were found only in the glomeruli with deposits of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor. There was no direct relationship between the degree of proteinuria and the appearance of the capillary pattern of FN or the deposition of the fibrinolytic components. These findings suggest that the appearance of FN in the walls of the capillary loops has some causal relationship with the local activation of blood coagulation factors which is frequently followed by activation of the fibrinolytic enzyme system.
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PMID:Fibronectin and deposits of fibrinolytic components in glomerular capillary walls. 405 Aug 85

A new method is described for the preparation of highly purified human plasminogen and plasmin with specific activity of 32 CTA units per mg of protein. With this method, the purification of the urinary plasminogen + plasmin antigenic materials from patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and severe toxemia of pregnancy was performed, and the resulting highly purified proenzyme and enzyme were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis, separative agar electrophoresis, gel filtration and SDS-gel electrophoresis. Our findings indicated that urinary plasmin reflects more closely the extent of intraglomerular fibrinolysis, while urinary plasminogen reflects non-selective proteinuria in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis or severe toxemia of pregnancy.
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PMID:Studies on the purification and characterization of human urinary plasminogen and plasmin. 644 89


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