Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal stone disease (nephrolithiasis) affects 3-5% of the population and is often associated with hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis is a familial disorder in over 35% of patients and may occur as a monogenic disorder that is more likely to manifest itself in childhood. Studies of these monogenic forms of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis in humans, e.g. Bartter syndrome, Dent's disease, autosomal dominant hypocalcemic hypercalciuria (ADHH), hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis with hypophosphatemia, and familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria have helped to identify a number of transporters, channels and receptors that are involved in regulating the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. Thus, Bartter syndrome, an autosomal disease, is caused by mutations of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl (NKCC2) co-transporter, the renal outer-medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-Kb, the CLC-Kb beta subunit, barttin, or the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Dent's disease, an X-linked disorder characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis, is due to mutations of the chloride/proton antiporter 5, CLC-5; ADHH is associated with activating mutations of the CaSR, which is a G-protein-coupled receptor; hypophosphatemic hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis associated with rickets is due to mutations in the type 2c sodium-phosphate co-transporter (NPT2c); and familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria is due to mutations of paracellin-1, which is a member of the claudin family of membrane proteins that form the intercellular tight junction barrier in a variety of epithelia. These studies have provided valuable insights into the renal tubular pathways that regulate calcium reabsorption and predispose to hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis.
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PMID:Genetic causes of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. 1844 82

In humans, Dent's disease, an X-linked renal tubular disorder, is characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria, aminoaciduria, glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, progressive renal failure and sometimes rickets or osteomalacia. The aetiology of X-linked Dent's disease is established to be caused by mutations of the CLCN5 gene. The protein product of this gene is the voltage-gated chloride-proton exchanger CLC-5. Previous studies by the Johns Hopkins group (Guggino) and the Hamburg group (Jentsch) have established that the Clcn5 knockout mouse recapitulates the renal attributes of Dent's disease. In order to understand the changes in kidney function that accompany the knockout of the Clcn5 gene, we examined gene expression profiles from dissected proximal segment 1 (S1) and segment 2 (S2) tubules of mouse kidneys. Overall, 725 genes are expressed differentially in the proximal tubules of the Dent Clcn5 knockout mouse model compared with those of control wild-type mice. A major finding is the change in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Some interesting changes also occur in genes encoding transport proteins. One of these transport proteins, the sodium bile cotransporter gene, Slc10a2, has transcripts increased by 17-fold in the Clcn5 knockout mouse. The Clc-3 protein encoded by Clcn3, a chloride-proton exchanger related to Clc-5, has a 1.9-fold increase in transcripts. The Npt2c protein, a proximal tubule sodium phosphate cotransporter encoded by Slc34a3, has a 0.6-fold decrease in the number of transcripts. The sodium-proton exchanger-like protein, Nhe10/sperm, encoded by Slc9a10, has a 0.5-fold decrease in transcript number. These genes are discussed with regard to the possible physiological outcomes of their transcript or protein changes.
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PMID:Can we generate new hypotheses about Dent's disease from gene analysis of a mouse model? 1893 Oct 44

Renal tubular reabsorption is important for extracellular fluid homeostasis and much of this occurs via the receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. This pathway is disrupted in Dent's disease, an X-linked renal tubular disorder that is characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and renal failure. Dent's disease is due to mutations of CLC-5, a chloride/proton antiporter, expressed in endosomes and apical membranes of renal tubules. Loss of CLC-5 function alters receptor-mediated endocytosis and trafficking of megalin and cubilin, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that CLC-5 interacts with kinesin family member 3B (KIF3B), a heterotrimeric motor protein that facilitates fast anterograde translocation of membranous organelles. Using yeast two-hybrid, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays, the COOH terminus of CLC-5 and the coiled-coil and globular domains of KIF3B were shown to interact. This was confirmed in vivo by endogenous coimmunoprecipitation of CLC-5 and KIF3B and codistribution with endosomal markers in mouse kidney fractions. Confocal live cell imaging in kidney cells further demonstrated association of CLC-5 and KIF3B, and transport of CLC-5-containing vesicles along KIF3B microtubules. KIF3B overexpression and underexpression, using siRNA, had reciprocal effects on whole cell chloride current amplitudes, CLC-5 cell surface expression, and endocytosis of albumin and transferrin. Clcn5(Y/-) mouse kidneys and isolated proximal tubular polarized cells showed increased KIF3B expression, whose effects on albumin endocytosis were dependent on CLC-5 expression. Thus, the CLC-5 and KIF3B interaction is important for CLC-5 plasma membrane expression and for facilitating endocytosis and microtubular transport in the kidney.
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PMID:CLC-5 and KIF3B interact to facilitate CLC-5 plasma membrane expression, endocytosis, and microtubular transport: relevance to pathophysiology of Dent's disease. 1994 36

Dent's disease is an X-linked renal tubulopathy characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria and progressive renal failure. Disease aetiology is associated with mutations in the CLCN5 gene coding for the electrogenic 2Cl-/H+ antiporter chloride channel 5 (CLC-5), which is expressed in the apical endosomes of renal proximal tubules with the vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). Initially identified as a member of the CLC family of Cl- channels, CLC-5 was presumed to provide Cl- shunt into the endosomal lumen to dissipate H+ accumulation by V-ATPase, thereby facilitating efficient endosomal acidification. However, recent findings showing that CLC-5 is in fact not a Cl- channel but a 2Cl-/H+ antiporter challenged this classical shunt model, leading to a renewed and intense debate on its physiological roles. Cl- accumulation via CLC-5 is predicted to play a critical role in endocytosis, as illustrated in mice carrying an artificial Cl- channel mutation E211A that developed defective endocytosis but normal endosomal acidification. Conversely, a recent functional analysis of a newly identified disease-causing Cl- channel mutation E211Q in a patient with typical Dent's disease confirmed the functional coupling between V-ATPase and CLC-5 in endosomal acidification, lending support to the classical shunt model. In this editorial, we will address the current recognition of the physiological role of CLC-5 with a specific focus on the functional coupling of V-ATPase and CLC-5.
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PMID:Functional coupling of V-ATPase and CLC-5. 2810 47


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