Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess progression of renal disease and the effects of protein intake in a species phylogenically close to man, 10 young adult baboons (Papio hamadryas) were subjected to 20 to 30% infarction of the left kidney and, two months later, to right nephrectomy. They were then randomized to a synthetic diet containing either 8% or 25% protein. Hemodynamic and metabolic measurements were obtained in awake animals every four months. Baseline mean blood pressure, inulin clearance, protein and urea nitrogen excretion in intact animals on 15% protein averaged 75.5 +/- 3.5 (SE) mm Hg, 42.9 +/- 2.7 ml/min, 52 +/- 4.3 mg/24 hr, and 3.8 +/- 0.4 g/24 hr, respectively. At 12 months, values in the same baboons with a remnant kidney on 8% versus 25% protein averaged 100.6 versus 96.7 mm Hg, 29.2 versus 54.9 ml/min (P less than 0.01), 111 versus 108 mg/24 hr, and 3.4 versus 11.0 g/24 hr (P less than 0.001), respectively. Electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies obtained eight months after nephrectomy was normal but for slightly increased mesangial matrix in three animals. Thus, blood pressure increased (P less than 0.01), proteinuria doubled (P less than 0.01) and adaptations in GFR developed within four months of renal mass reduction, without significant changes occurring between four and 12 months. The adaptations in GFR were markedly attenuated by low protein intake. Further follow-up is necessary to assess progression of renal disease and the impact of different protein diets.
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PMID:Renal function of baboons (Papio hamadryas) with a remnant kidney, and impact of different protein diets. 263 78

Macroscopic examination of urine is an integral part of urinalysis, and blood and bile pigments are a common cause of abnormal coloration. Urine SG is a convenient index of urine concentration and should be correlated with the patient's hydration status to determine the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine. The pH of urine of dogs and cats normally is dietary dependent, but alkaline urine may suggest that the urinary tract is infected with a urea splitting organism. The dipstick test for proteinuria is convenient but less reliable than the sulfosalicylic acid method. The dipstick test for blood should not be used as a substitute for microscopic examination of urine but is of value in detecting hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria, when red cells may be absent in the sediment. The finding of glucose, ketones, and bilirubin in urine, when interpreted properly, may indicate the presence of disease processes not associated with the urogenital tract. Microscopic examination of urine sediment must be interpreted in combination with the physical and chemical composition of urine, but excessive numbers of cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria may provide evidence of disease. The absence of these structures in the sediment, however, does not eliminate the possibility of disease. The ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine is dependent on normal kidney function and the production and release of ADH. A urine SG greater than 1.030 in dogs and 1.035 in cats indicates that the functions associated with concentrating urine are adequate. In the evaluation of the patient's ability to form concentrated urine, the status of hydration must be considered; this may require water deprivation tests or administration of ADH. The estimation of blood urea nitrogen concentration, with the use of test strips, may provide a convenient but not specific measure of renal function.
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PMID:Urinalysis and associated laboratory procedures. 267 14

Low-protein diets in nondiabetic renal failure may slow the progressive loss of renal function in some patients, but few studies have detailed the nutritional consequences of these diets in patients with diabetic nephropathy. We studied 7 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insufficiency [mean +/- SEM creatinine clearance (S, U): 28.3 +/- 6.5 ml/min (0.47 +/- 0.11 ml/s x 1.73/A)] for 15 weeks who were prescribed a diet of 0.6 g protein/kg ideal body weight. Midarm muscle circumference (24.1 +/- 1.8 at onset vs. 24.5 +/- 1.5 cm at completion), triceps skinfold thickness (21.6 +/- 3.1 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.5 mm), body weight (71.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 71.2 +/- 4.6 kg), and serum albumin [3.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 g/dl (30 +/- 1 vs. 32 +/- 1 g/l)] remained stable. Based on urinary nitrogen excretion, diet diaries overestimated the degree of dietary protein restriction; there was good adherence to the diet as evidenced by a reduction in urinary urea nitrogen (average 32%). Blood glucose control was maintained despite increased carbohydrate intake. On average, creatinine clearance did not change significantly, but proteinuria diminished slightly (1.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.6 g/day). These results indicate that 0.6 g/kg/day protein diets did not cause protein depletion in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Longer-term studies are indicated to assess more fully the efficacy of these dietary regimens in reducing proteinuria or benefiting diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Protein-restricted diets in diabetic nephropathy. 271 Feb 67

Eleven patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, advancing renal insufficiency, and proteinuria were placed on a diet containing 0.6 g/kg per day of high-biologic-value protein. Selected clinical variables were observed over a 2-year interval. The rate of decline in renal function was significantly decreased during the intervals of protein restriction. The rate during the second 12 months of the study, however, was increased, when compared with the first 12-month interval. Urinary protein excretion decreased significantly, from 2.27 +/- 0.49 g/d to 0.57 +/- 0.40 g/d after the first 12 months of the study, but increased to 1.43 +/- 0.63 g/d after the second 12 months of the study. The dietary protein intake estimated from urea nitrogen excretion in urine samples correlated significantly with urinary protein excretion. These findings suggest that dietary protein restriction has a sustained beneficial effect on the course of diabetic nephropathy, if compliance to the diet can be maintained.
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PMID:Prolonged dietary protein restriction in diabetic nephropathy. 271 6

A large number of carboximides have been synthesized, tested and, in some cases, marketed as agricultural fungicidal agents. One carboximide fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) proved to be both highly efficacious as a fungicide and a nephrotoxin. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute nephrotoxic potential of three N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carboximide fungicides [NDPS, vinclozolin (VCLZ) and iprodione (IPDO)] to determine if nephrotoxic potential correlated with fungicidal efficacy among this class of structurally-related agricultural agents. Male Fischer 344 rats (4 rats/group) received a single intraperitoneal injection of a fungicide (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg) or vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg), and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. NDPS (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg)-induced renal effects were characterized by marked diuresis, increased proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weights, decreased organic ion accumulation by renal cortical slices and proximal tubular necrosis. In contrast, IPDO and VCLZ (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg) administration resulted in only minor or no alterations in the renal function parameters studied and renal morphology. These results suggest that fungicidal efficacy does not correlate with acute nephrotoxic potential among the N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carboximide fungicides.
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PMID:Comparative acute renal effects of three N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carboximide fungicides: N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide, vinclozolin and iprodione. 273 5

Groups of 21 male and 21 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed diets containing pyriproxyfen at concentrations of 0, 80, 400, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm for 6 months. No death was found in any group. Alopecia in the neck and/or back, and soft feces were noticed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. A marked decrease in body weight gain was observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm throughout the treatment period, accompanying a decrease in food-consumption and an increase in water-intake during the initial stage of treatment. In terms of urinalysis, proteinuria, increases in K excretion, and, in number, yellowness or browish-yellowness in appearance, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. In females fed 10,000 ppm, increases in bilirubin, Na excretion and specific gravity, and a decrease in ketone bodies, were observed. In hematology, decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm and in males fed 2,000 ppm. Also, an increase in MCH (in males), decreases in MCHC and platelet count (in females) were observed in 10,000 ppm group. Blood biochemistry revealed increases in total protein, albumin, alpha 2-globulin fraction, blood urea nitrogen, calcium (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), A/G ratio (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), total cholesterol, phospholipid (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), sodium (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (in males fed 10,000 ppm) and alpha 1-globulin fraction (in females fed 10,000 ppm), and decreases in glucose, GOT (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), beta-globulin fraction (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), GPT (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), triglyceride, potassium (in males fed 10,000 ppm), and cholinesterase activity (in female fed 10,000 ppm). In organ weight, increases in liver (in males fed 2,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), kidney (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm) and thyroid (in females fed 10,000 ppm) and a decrease in pituitary (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm) were observed. Gross pathology revealed a higher incidence of blackish-brown coloration of the liver, and a lower incidence of accentuated lobular pattern of the liver (in males fed 10,000 ppm). An enlargement of the liver was seen in a few of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. Histopathological examination showed that the sole effect attributable to treatment of this compound was on slight hypertrophy in the liver of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm, with a higher incidence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A six-month chronic dietary toxicity study of pyriproxyfen in rats]. 273 65

N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) induces nephrotoxicity via one or more metabolites which arise from oxidation of the succinimide ring. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxysuccinamic acid (3-NDHSA), a potential metabolite of NDPS and a positional isomer of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA), a known nephrotoxic metabolite of NDPS. Male Fischer 344 rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of 3-NDHSA (0.2 or 0.4 mmol/kg) or sesame oil (2.5 mmol/kg), and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. Both doses of 3-NDHSA induced diuresis, increased proteinuria, glucosuria and hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations and kidney weights, decreased organic ion accumulation by renal cortical slices, and induced proximal tubular necrosis. The characteristics of 3-NDHSA-induced nephrotoxicity were identical to NDPS-induced nephropathy, but were evident at lower doses with 3-NDHSA. These results demonstrate that 3-NDHSA is a nephrotoxicant which might contribute to NDPS-induced nephropathy.
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PMID:Acute nephrotoxicity induced by N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxysuccinamic acid in Fischer 344 rats. 278 90

The clinical problems and results of urinalyses of 500 dogs were reviewed and summarized to compare the sensitivities for detection of abnormalities indicative of urinary system disease among qualitative (sulfosalicylic acid [SSA]), quantitative (Coomassie brilliant blue [CBB]), and indexed (urinary protein/creatinine ratio [U(P/C)]) determinations of urinary protein loss vs microscopic examination of urine sediment. False-negative rates for the detection of microscopically abnormal urine specimens were 5.4% for SSA greater than or equal to 1+, 8.5% for CBB greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/ml, 9.7% for U(P/C) greater than or equal to 1.0, and 7.7% for CBB + U(P/C). A discriminatory U(P/C) value of 2.0 would have excluded dogs with clinically relevant proteinuria in the lower ranges. Proteinuria was not detected in 4.4% (22/500) of the specimens in which important numbers of leukocytes or bacteria were observed. False-negative rates for combined interpretation of quantitative protein concentration and U(P/C) were not significantly different (P greater than 0.10) from SSA alone. Degrees of azotemia were higher (high serum creatinine concentration, P greater than 0.10 and high serum urea nitrogen concentration, P less than 0.05) and prevalence of chronically diseased dogs was greater (P less than 0.005) in dog categories with higher U(P/C) values. More quantitative determinations of urinary protein loss as a screening test offer potential labor-saving and diagnostic advantages in the identification of urinary disease over more qualitative routine screening methods.
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PMID:Comparison of urinary protein concentration and protein/creatinine ratio vs routine microscopy in urinalysis of dogs: 500 cases (1987-1988). 279 83

The effect of clonidine, on alpha 2-agonist and antihypertensive, on the progression of chronic renal disease was studied in rats subjected to partial nephrectomy. Treatments began four weeks after the removal of approximately 70% of renal mass. Clonidine was given once daily by gavage on an increasing dose schedule of 50 micrograms/kg for 4 weeks, followed by 100 micrograms/kg for 8 weeks and finally 200 micrograms/kg for 6 weeks. Measurements of renal functions were made at 4 week-intervals during treatment. After 18 weeks, clonidine-treated rats had lower levels of plasma urea nitrogen (P less than 0.05) and plasma creatinine (P less than 0.05). Urinary protein excretion rates were lower in clonidine-treated rats while receiving 100 micrograms/kg at 8 weeks (P less than 0.05) and 200 micrograms/kg at 18 weeks (P less than 0.05). At the end of the treatment period, anesthetized clonidine-treated rats had a numerically lower mean arterial pressure (p = 0.08), but no difference in the histological ranking of light microscopic lesions (P greater than 0.10). Based on the functional data, we conclude that clonidine retards the deterioration of renal function in this model of chronic renal disease. The lack of a consistent effect of clonidine on proteinuria and no reduction in the severity of morphological damage indicates that clonidine is less effective than previously reported treatment in this model with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. These differences in efficacy may be related to differences in intraglomerular hemodynamic alterations and could be an important consideration in the selection of therapies for individuals with hypertension and renal insufficiency.
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PMID:Effect of clonidine on the progression of chronic renal disease in partially nephrectomized rats. 282 94

Plasma from pregnant women with preeclampsia was screened for the D-dimer, a degradation product specific for crosslinked fibrin, using a monoclonal antibody (DD-3B6), latex-bead agglutination assay (DIMERTEST). Seventy-nine of 204 (38.7%) of the preeclamptic women and none of 88 healthy non-preeclamptic women were positive for the D-dimer. Presence of the D-dimer correlated consistently with elevated fibrin(ogen) degradation products, detectable fibrin monomer, and platelet count less than or equal to 100 x 10(9)/L, with a 93.0% sensitivity overall for abnormalities of the same. Among D-dimer-positive women, 66.7% had fibrin(ogen) degradation products less than 10 micrograms/mL, 60.3% had no detectable fibrin monomer, and 82.0% had platelets greater than 100 x 10(9)/L. When compared with D-dimer-negative preeclamptic women, D-dimer-positive women had significantly higher blood pressures prompting delivery, greater proteinuria, more abnormal liver function tests, and higher serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. In addition, they had a greater risk of cesarean section (49.4 versus 34.4%), premature delivery (58.2 versus 20.0%), low birth weight (54.5 versus 20.3%), low Apgar scores, and an abnormally high ratio of female to male offspring (1.72 versus 0.93). Testing for the fibrin D-dimer may be useful in early screening and follow-up for preeclamptic coagulopathy, and may also help to define the subset of patients with severe disease.
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PMID:Use of the fibrin D-dimer in screening for coagulation abnormalities in preeclampsia. 291 68


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