Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal clearances of amylase isoenzymes, expressed as percentages of creatinine clearances, were determined in 20 normal subjects and in 8 patients with acute pancreatitis. The isoenzyme assay employed thin layer isoelectric focusing, starch iodine staining, and densitometry. Normal clearance of pancreatic-like amylase (mean +/- SE: 3.00 +/- 0.40%) was greater than the clearance of salivary-like amylase (0.51 +/- 0.06%) in ea ch individual (P less than 0.001). However, the amount of pancreatic amylase in the serum was not the major determinant of amylase clearance. Normal clearance of pancreatic-like amylase was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the clearance of total serum amylase in acute pancreatitis (6.49 +/- 1.07%). In pancreatitis the clearance of pancreatic-like amylase (7.29 +/- 1.19%) and the clearance of salivary-like amylase (4.55 +/- 1.02%) were both elevated compared to normal (P less than 0.001). These findings indicate that the increased clearance of amylase in pancreatitis results from a change in renal function rather than a change in serum amylase. Renal changes not reflected by increased serum creatinine or more than mild proteinuria may be manifestations of the systemic toxicity of acute pancreatitis.
 ...
PMID:Amylase isoenzyme clearances in normal subjects and in patients with acute pancreatitis. 95 45

The chemistry of low-osmolality contrast agents is reviewed, the effects of these agents on vascular and organ physiology are compared with the effects of conventional ionic contrast media, and guidelines for intravascular use of the low-osmolality agents in selected high-risk patients are presented. Three low-osmolality contrast agents, the nonionic media iohexol (Omnipaque, Winthrop-Breon) and iopamidol (Isovue, Squibb) and the dimeric medium ioxaglate meglumine-sodium (Hexabrix, Mallinckrodt) have recently been introduced into the contrast-media market. Compared with conventional ionic contrast media, these new agents demonstrate approximately one third of the osmolality per given iodine concentration (degree of roentgenographic opacification). Therefore, the risks of hyperosmolarity-induced reactions to contrast media are lower with the new agents. The low-osmolality agents may be associated with a reduced incidence of contrast-media-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Because of their lower osmolality, these agents produce less vessel dilation, vascular endothelial damage, and associated pain and discomfort than equi-iodine concentrations of the conventional ionic media. They also demonstrate a reduction in the incidence and severity of contrast-media-induced renal vasoconstriction and proteinuria, hemodynamic alterations, negative chronotropic effects, depression of myocardial contractility, and neurotoxicity in the presence of an altered blood-brain barrier. These low-osmolality agents produce fewer undesirable physiological effects than conventional contrast agents, but the cost of the new products can be more than 10 times as great. Therefore, the new products should be used selectively in patients known to be at increased risk for reactions to intravascular contrast media. A scoring system was developed to permit rapid recognition of documented single or multiple risk factors and subsequent determination of whether to administer a low-osmolality agent.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of intravascular low-osmolality contrast agents. 378 Jan 59

Reduction of the negative charge of the glomerular capillary wall alters its charge- and size-selective properties. To investigate the effect of alteration in glomerular charge properties on antibody localization, we prepared cationic and anionic fractions of antibodies to subepithelial and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens, and compared their deposition in normal rats and rats treated with protamine sulfate or aminonucleoside of puromycin to reduce capillary wall charge. IgG antibodies were eluted from kidneys of rats with active Heymann's nephritis (AICN), passive Heymann's nephritis (PHN), or anti-GBM nephritis (NTN), separated into cationic and anionic fractions, and radiolabeled with iodine 125 or iodine 131. Relative antibody content of each fraction was determined by incubation with an excess of glomerular antigen. Varying amounts of cationic and anionic IgG eluted from kidneys of rats with AICN or PHN were injected into 24 normal or protamine sulfate-treated rats. Glomerular binding of all antibodies was highly correlated with IgG delivery to the kidney. The ratio of cationic to anionic antibody deposited in the glomeruli of normal rats after 4 hours was 1.08 +/- 0.07 for AICN eluate and 0.37 +/- 0.04 for PHN eluate. The ratios were not significantly different in animals pretreated with protamine sulfate (1.15 +/- 0.06 and 0.44 +/- 0.06, respectively; P greater than 0.05). Varying amounts of cationic and anionic IgG eluted from kidneys of rats with NTN were injected into 10 normal rats and four rats treated with aminonucleoside of puromycin. Glomerular binding of antibody was again highly correlated with IgG delivery to the kidney. The ratio of cationic to anionic antibody deposited in the glomeruli of normal rats after 1 hour was 1.03 +/- 0.06, and was not significantly altered in rats treated with aminonucleoside of puromycin (1.05 +/- 0.03, P greater than 0.5). Proteinuria in PHN rats was also unaffected by treatment with protamine sulfate for 5 days (controls: 68 +/- 21 mg/day; protamine sulfate-treated: 65 +/- 14 mg/day; n = 25, P greater than 0.08). These results demonstrate that treatment to reduce glomerular polyanion does not significantly alter the ratio of cationic to anionic antibodies to fixed glomerular antigens that deposit in the glomerulus, or reduce proteinuria caused by deposition of antibody to a fixed subepithelial antigen.
 ...
PMID:Effect of alterations in glomerular charge on deposition of cationic and anionic antibodies to fixed glomerular antigens in the rat. 389 91

A soluble preparation of nucleoprotein (sNP), a complex of native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histones, was isolated from calf thymus nuclei and labeled with [(125)I]iodide. Isotope-labeled antigen ([(125)I]sNP) was used in a primary binding radioimmunoassay method to detect antibodies to both sNP and native DNA. Sera with antibody to native DNA reacted with the DNA moiety of sNP and bound [(125)I] sNP, but this binding was completely inhibited by addition of unlabeled native DNA. Antibody to sNP which reacted with DNA-histone complex was not inhibited in the radioimmunoassay by addition of unlabeled DNA. Thus, antibodies to sNP and native DNA could be detected and differentiated by use of a single isotopically labeled antigen. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sera with binding to [(125)I]sNP was present in 21/36 (58%) patients. The majority (18/21) had antibodies to sNP and native DNA present simultaneously, one had antibody only to sNP and two had antibody only to DNA. In contrast, patients with other connective tissue diseases rarely showed binding to [(125)I]sNP. Serial studies on SLE patients showed that high serum binding to [(125)I]sNP paralleled renal disease activity as reflected by the degree of proteinuria. A fall in binding was observed with subsidence of renal disease and reappearance of increased binding coincided with exacerbation. In these patients, antibodies to sNP and DNA appeared or disappeared pari passu suggesting that in addition to the previously demonstrated role of antibody to native DNA, antibody to sNP might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of immunologically-mediated tissue lesions such as SLE nephritis.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between deoxyribonucleoprotein and deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. 453 38

Amyloidosis was diagnosed in 6 Holstein cows that were examined because of chronic intractable diarrhea. Besides diarrhea, the chief finding was a nephrotic-like syndrome, in that there was edema, hypoproteinemia, and proteinuria. Other consistent clinicopathologic abnormalities were hyperfibrinogenemia, low-normal serum calcium content or hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, prolonged bromosulphalein half time, high serum urea nitrogen concentration, high serum creatinine concentration, and low urine specific gravity. Foci of inflammation including traumatic reticuloperitonitis, traumatic pericarditis, salpingitis, mastitis, and metritis were found. There was histologic evidence of amyloid in the kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, and spleen. The iodine-sulfuric acid test for amyloid was positive in 2 cows. The Congo red dye test for amyloid was positive in 2 other cows. In spite of supportive care, all the cows either died naturally or were euthanatized. Because foci of inflammation were found in each cow, it was concluded that the most likely classification of amyloidosis in these cases would be reactive systemic amyloidosis and that the major amyloid fibril protein would be type AA.
 ...
PMID:Amyloidosis in six dairy cows. 651 26

Iodine-labeled ([125I]) rat urinary kallikrein and rat urinary TAME esterase A2 were used as probes to look for urinary and plasma proteins that bind to these enzymes. Such proteins are presumptive enzyme inhibitors. Complexes formed with labeled enzymes were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Urine from young (6 weeks old) Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats showed no, or only traces, of protein binding to kallikrein. Concomitant with the slow development of hypertension and proteinuria in S rats fed normal rat chow, one of the six kallikrein-binding proteins demonstrable in plasma was readily found in S-rat urine. This kallikrein-binding protein was called "KBP-1." R rats showed either no or much less KBP-1 in the urine, compared to S rats up to 5 months of age. A partly purified preparation of KBP-1 was shown to inhibit the TAME esterase activity of rat urinary kallikrein in the radiometric TAME assay. Urine of proteinuric S rats also contained two TAME esterase-binding proteins, TEBP-1 and TEBP-2, detected with the [125I]-esterase A2 probe. As S rats aged from 3 to 8 months, free KBP-1 disappeared from the urine in spite of increased and marked proteinuria and the continued presence of KBP-1 in plasma. Concomitant with this age-related loss of urinary KBP-1 there was a marked shift in S urinary proteins binding to [125I]-esterase A2 from TEBP-1 to TEBP-2. It was speculated that KBP-1 and TEBP-1 were the same protein detectable with either labeled kallikrein or labeled esterase A2. The concomitant disappearance of free KBP-1 (TEBP-1) and the appearance of free TEBP-2 in the urine of old, hypertensive, proteinuric S rats suggests that: 1) most of the KBP-1 (TEBP-1) is bound to enzyme(s) in old rats; or 2) KBP-1 (TEBP-1) is largely converted to TEBP-2 in old rats; or 3) both are true and that binding of KBP-1 (TEBP-1) to enzymes is associated with the generation of TEBP-2.
 ...
PMID:Proteins binding to kallikrein and esterase A2 in the urine of salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. 675 95

The effects of the new nonionic dimeric hexa-iodinated contrast media (CM) iodixanol on renal function and morphology were investigated in 7 independent studies in rats, rabbits and monkeys and compared with other iodinated CM. No significant effect on serum creatinine levels was seen at doses up to and including 5 g I/kg in rats and 10.5 g I/kg in rabbits. An immediate and transient increase in proteinuria was found in rabbits when 10.5 g I/kg was administered as a bolus, and when 12.5 g I/kg was administered as a slow infusion in a comparative study with several CM. Increased serum elimination half-life was shown by measuring serum iodine concentrations after the infusion of 12.5 g I/kg. The effect of a high dose of iodixanol on proteinuria and elimination half-life were in this study in the same range as those of the monomeric nonionic CM, but less pronounced than those of the monomeric ionic CM. Reduced renal capacity was induced in male rats by performing unilateral nephrectomy 4 weeks before i.v. injection of iodixanol or iopamidol (2g I/kg). The administration of CM did not affect renal function monitored as serum concentrations of creatinine and urea. The vacuolation of renal proximal tubular cells and kidney iodine retention were investigated in rats 48 hours after administration of different doses of iodixanol or iotrolan. The no-effect level for vacuolation was 0.5 g I/kg for both CM. Iodine retention was higher in male than females rats, and was higher for iodixanol than iotrolan at the 2 highest dose levels (3 and 5 g I/kg). No difference in iodine retention was found at the other dose levels (0.25-1g I/kg). The reversibility of renal proximal tubular vacuolation after administration of iodixanol was studied in male rats (1.2 g I/kg) and monkeys (1.2 and 3.6 g I/kg). The vacuolation was more pronounced in rats than in monkeys. Vacuolation was completely reversed in all rats 3 weeks after dosing, and 2 of 3 monkeys 3 days after a dose of 1.2 g I/kg. The degree of vacuolation evident in renal percutaneous biopsy specimens from monkeys 14 days after i.v. administration of iodixanol at a dose of 3.5 g I/kg was not significantly different to that in control animals. In conclusion, iodixanol affected renal function to the same degree as did the nonionic monomeric and dimeric comparative media, but to a lesser degree than the ionic monomers. The degree of renal proximal tubular cell vacuolation induced by iodixanol seems to be species-dependent, being less pronounced and more quickly reversed in monkeys than rats.
 ...
PMID:Renal effects of iodixanol in experimental animals. 861 May 17

We studied renal function, glomerular cell proliferation and apoptosis for three months after uninephrectomy (UNX) in young, male, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Apoptosis was assessed by in situ dUTP biotin nick-end labeling method (TUNEL) and by propidium iodide staining. Proliferation rate was determined by immunohistochemistry to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Glomerular bcl-2 expression was assessed by Northern blot analysis. Our results indicate a parallel increase in proliferation and in apoptotic rates in glomerular cells from the first to the second month after UNX. In the third month after UNX, PCNA-labeled cell number continues increasing, whereas TUNEL-labeled cells did not increase. Bcl-2 expression was negative in the first and second months and increased in the third month. Glomerular size and proteinuria increased progressively along the three months of follow-up. Our observations demonstrate a different profile of cell proliferation and apoptosis during the genesis of early glomerular damage in UNX-SHR.
 ...
PMID:Glomerular cell proliferation and apoptosis in uninephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. 983 81

The long-term prognosis of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) was evaluated in a cohort of 127 of 149 children who had survived the acute phase. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were estimated by serial (51)Cr-EDTA and (123)iodine-hippurate clearances. All children had acute renal failure during the initial phase and 74% of patients were dialyzed. During the 1st year, mean GFR and ERPF increased continuously until a plateau was reached. In the 2nd year after the diagnosis of HUS, GFR was below 80 and ERPF below 515 ml/min per 1. 73 m(2) in 16% and 47% of patients, respectively. At the end of a median follow-up of 5.0 (range 2.0-13.2) years, the proportion of children with renal sequelae such as proteinuria >/=300 mg/l, hypertension, or a GFR <80 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) was 23%. Anuria of more than 7 days' duration and hypertension during the acute phase were statistically significant risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. A reduced ERPF in the 2nd year was found in 93% of patients with sequelae. Mean filtration fraction (SD) in these patients was 0. 26 (+/-0.07) versus 0.19 (+/-0.05) in patients without sequelae (P<0. 0001). These data suggest that loss of nephrons during the acute phase may implicate hyperfiltration in the residual functioning kidney mass leading to progressive renal disease. ERPF in the 2nd year after D+ HUS may serve as an excellent parameter to detect patients with a high risk of an unfavorable long-term outcome.
 ...
PMID:Long-term prognosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome and effective renal plasma flow. 1050 25

These studies examined the expression of the podocyte slit diaphragm protein nephrin and its association with actin at the onset of proteinuria in passive Heymann nephritis (PHN), a rat model of human membranous nephropathy. Four days after immunization, 58% of PHN rats had mild proteinuria. At that time, most slit diaphragms were still visible on electron microscopy; however, in those locations where the deposits encroached on the filtration slits, the slit diaphragms were either displaced or absent. On day 7, the PHN rats were severely proteinuric, and most slit diaphragms were either absent, displaced, or replaced by occluding-type junctions. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to the external and cytoplasmic domains of nephrin showed a progressive loss of staining and a change in the distribution of nephrin from an interrupted linear pattern in normal controls to a more dispersed and clustered pattern in PHN. In contrast, the intensity of staining for ZO-1 and CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), two other proteins that are located on the cytoplasmic face of the slit diaphragm, was undiminished. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the progressive disappearance of nephrin from podocyte foot processes and retention of CD2AP. Glomeruli and glomerular cell membranes were extracted sequentially with Triton X-100, followed by DNase I or potassium iodide to depolymerize actin. Western blot analysis of the extracts showed a progressive decline of total nephrin on days 4 and 7 of PHN as well as a reduction in the actin-associated fraction. These findings show that nephrin partly dissociates from actin at the onset of podocyte injury in PHN. This is accompanied by a progressive loss of nephrin from the podocyte foot processes and prominent changes in the morphology of the slit diaphragms. These events may underlie the loss of podocyte barrier function in membranous nephropathy.
 ...
PMID:Nephrin dissociates from actin, and its expression is reduced in early experimental membranous nephropathy. 1191 54


1 2 3 Next >>