Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exercise induces profound changes in the renal haemodynamics and in electrolyte and protein excretion. Effective renal plasma flow is reduced during exercise. The reduction is related to the intensity of exercise and renal blood flow may fall to 25% of the resting value when strenuous work is performed. The combination of sympathetic nervous activity and the release of catecholamine substances is involved in this process. The reduction of renal blood flow during exercise produces a concomitant effect on the glomerular filtration rate, though the latter decreases relatively less than the former during exertion. However, the degree of hydration has an important influence on the glomerular filtration rate. An antidiuretic effect is observed during intense exercise. Changes in urine flow are dependent on the plasma antidiuretic hormone levels which are increased by intense exercise. Heavy exercise has an inhibitory effect on most electrolytes (Na, Cl, Ca, P). With potassium, however, most studies report that potassium excretion is not consistently affected by moderate to heavy exercise. Increased aldosterone production helps the body to maintain sodium by increasing its reabsorption from the filtered tubular fluid. Recent studies suggest that sympathetic stimulation may be involved during exercise. Strenuous work leads to an increased excretion of erythrocytes and leucocytes in urine. Cylindruria has been regularly found in postexercise urine in different sports. Postexercise proteinuria is a common phenomenon in humans. It seems to be directly related to the intensity of exercise, rather than to its duration. This excretion of proteins in urine is a transient state with a half-time of approximately 1 hour. Postexercise proteinuria has a pattern different from normal physiological proteinuria. Immunochemical techniques demonstrate that postexercise proteinuria is of the mixed glomerular-tubular type, the former being predominant. The increased clearance of plasma proteins suggests an increased glomerular permeability and a partial inhibition of tubular reabsorption of macromolecules. Haemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria may be observed under special exercise conditions. The degree of hydration appears to be important to reduce these abnormalities.
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PMID:Exercise and renal function. 656 29

1 Forty-one patients with essential hypertension, stages I, II, and III, were treated with captopril alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Forty two percent were responsive to captopril alone, while the remaining 58% also required the diuretic. The need for the diuretic was related to the phase of hypertension. 2 There was no significant relation between drug response and plasma renin activity. Serum concentrations of creatinine and potassium remained normal, and there were no pathological changes in serum glucose, cholesterol, uric acid concentrations, erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, or heart rate. 3 Captopril was well tolerated. One patient developed a rash and another ageusia, which disappeared spontaneously. A third, who was also taking allopurinol, developed leucopenia but it disappeared after treatment was withdrawn. There were no cases of proteinuria attributable to captopril; and proteinuria disappeared in four of five patients who were proteinurin before the start of treatment. 4 These findings suggest that doses of captopril of 150 mg to 300 mg (with or without a diuretic) may be adequate for controlling the blood pressure of most patients with essential hypertension.
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PMID:Captopril in essential hypertension. 675 90

Studies were conducted to assess the renal functional state in two recently discovered diabetic chimpanzees. Both were nonobese, adult female animals with the non-insulin-dependent form of impaired glucose tolerance, analogous to the Type II or nonobese, maturity-onset diabetes of humans. Both animals displayed moderate-to-heavy proteinuria and glycosuria in response to intravenous administration of glucose or tolbutamide. Chimpanzee number 333, but not number 1037, had fasting proteinuria and chronic hypertension. Renal function studies, using the inulin clearance method, demonstrated significantly decreased glomerular filtration rates and elevated rates of sodium excretion for both animals. The rate of chloride excretion was also elevated in animal number 1037, but potassium excretion was apparently unaffected in both animals. Abnormal serum biochemical parameters demonstrated for chimpanzee number 333 included elevations in calcium, magnesium, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid; animal number 1037 had only an elevated serum creatinine. Results are consistent with the occurrence of renal disease similar to the nephropathy that develops in human diabetics. The difference in severity of renal impairment in the two chimpanzees is possibly related to differences in duration and severity of impaired glucose tolerance. A progression of both diabetic and renal disorders is most probable.
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PMID:Impaired renal function in diabetic chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). 683 45

As found from a population study of women, those with arterial hypertension reported more often a history of toxaemia in pregnancy and had more often proteinuria, bacteriuria and impaired renal concentrating capacity than normotensive women. Serum potassium was found to be lower in treated as well as in untreated hypertensive women than in normotensive women.
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PMID:Urinary findings and renal function in hypertensive and normotensive women. 694 67

A 17-year-old youth was admitted because of proteinuria noted during a routine examination at his high school. His parents and three siblings were living in good health and there was no familial tendency to hypertension and no consanguinity. On physical examination, he was 161cm in height and weighed 43Kg, and his facial expression was female-like. Neither webbed neck nor cubitus valgus was noticed. Severe hypertension ranging from 190/120 to 230/130 was noted. No axillary or pubic hair was present, and the breasts were prepubertal in size. A gynecological examination revealed the presence of labia and vagina. Laboratory findings on admission were summarized as follows: The urine gave a (-)--(+) test for protein, renal function was revealed as normal, serum potassium ranged from 3.2 to 4.2mEq/L, the specimen of arterial blood showed pH 7.421, and an electrocardiogram revealed left ventricular hypertrophy and U wave changes in leads V2, V3, V4. X-rays showed a bone age of 12 years, and chromosome analysis revealed a karyo type of 46,XY. Endocrinological studies confirming the presence of a 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency were summarized as follows: 1) Plasma ACTH was markedly elevated. 2) Plasma renin activity was markedly suppressed showing no response to exercise. 3) Plasma progesteron, plasma DOC and plasma-corticosteron were extremely high. In contrast, plasma aldosteron was extremely low. 4) Plasma 17 alpha-OH progesteron and plasma cortisol were markedly reduced. Urinary excretion of 17-OHCS was extremely low. 5) Plasma testosteron and urinary 17-KS were markedly reduced. The patient was treated with 2mg then 1mg dexamethasone daily for half a year. After one month of therapy, the blood pressure was down to 160/100mmHg, and the serum potassium had risen from 3.2mEq/liter to 5.6mEq/liter. Plasma progesteron, plasma DOC, plasma corticosteron and plasma ACTH decreased to a normal level. Subsequently suppressed plasma renin activity elevated to a normal value. After 6 weeks of this treatment, a laparotomy was performed. Ovaries and uterus were absent, but bilateral testes were found at the external inguinal ring. Microscopic examination of the testis showed Sertoli cell adenoma. We have reported here a case of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency with male pseudohermaphoriditism and discussed the endocrinological data and histological findings of the testis.
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PMID:[A case of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency with male pseudohermaphroditism (author's transl)]. 696 32

To determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the renin-aldosterone system, independent of age, nephropathy, or hypertension, 16 normotensive diabetics with long-term disease (mean duration, 15 years) and no (14) or minimal (2) proteinuria, were compared to nine age-matched, normotensive controls. Plasma renin activity (PRA) measured supine and after 4 hours of quiet ambulation, both on an ad libitum diet and on Day 4 of a 10 mEq low sodium diet, was always lower in the diabetics (31%-56% of control values). After the combined stimulus of sodium depletion and ambulation, PRA was 2.2 +/- 0.4 in the diabetics compared to 3.4 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/hr in controls (p less than 0.025). On the low sodium diet, PRA and the postural response of PRA correlated directly with the degree of autonomic dysfunction as quantitated by the velocity of esophageal peristalsis (r = 0.60, p less than 0.05; r = 0.75, p less than 0.005 respectively), suggesting that autonomic neuropathy was an important factor contributing to low PRA in these patients. No other parameters correlated with PRA. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) tended to be lower in diabetics (1053 +/- 95 vs 1358 +/- 132 ng AI/ml; p less than 0.07) but not sufficiently so to account for the substantial difference in PRA. Furthermore, PRS did not correlate with PRA. Fasting blood sugar, while higher in diabetics (209 vs 96 mg/dl), and creatinine clearance, which was lower (112 +/- 13 vs 78 +/- 4 ml/min; p less than 0.01), also did not correlate with PRA. Other factors, including serum creatinine, serum potassium, urinary aldosterone, blood pressure, and body weight, and the responses of these parameters to sodium depletion, were similar in diabetics and controls. These data implicate visceral neuropathy as a major factor in the hyporeninemia of these diabetics.
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PMID:Low plasma renin activity in normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus: relationship to neuropathy. 700 28

Of 710 patients in whom renal biopsies with immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic and clinical data were available, 239 had idiopathic mesangial IgA nephritis. In these 239 cases IgA was found alone in 45.7%, accompanied by IgG in 50.1%, IgM in 21.4%, C3 in 82.4% and fibrin in 37.2%. Serum immunoglobulin levels including IgA were not significantly raised and complement C3 activation was via the alternative pathway. There was a wide range of glomerular lesions with minor change, minor change with focal and segmental lesions including sclerosis and mesangial cell hypercellularity, diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and, infrequently, diffuse sclerosing glomerulonephritis. The glomerular leions were related to the stage, duration and severity of the disease. There was also a wide variability of clinical presentations, with asymptomatic and symptomatic microscopic haematuria-proteinuria, macroscopic haematuria, recurrent proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute nephritis, hypertension, and uncommonly as acute renal failure and potassium losing nephritis. No aetiological agent was found, and both the streptococcus and HBsAg could not be identified. The disease(s) was the commonest type of primary glomerulonephritis (33.7%) in Singapore, another geographic area in addition to Japan and France, where this lesion has an apparent high incidence.
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PMID:The pathology of mesangial IgA nephritis with clinical correlation. 702 5

Interrelations between glucose and electrolyte homeostasis were evaluated in 193 insulin-treated diabetic out-patients. All had normal serum creatinine and were studied during their everyday metabolic control. Although the patients were selected to be without proteinuria and ketonuria, they exhibited wide ranges of blood glucose values (2.5-29.5 mmol/l) and urine glucose excretions (0-301 mmol/mmol creatinine). Patients with blood glucose values within 2.5-10 mmol/l (n = 80) had entirely normal levels of serum sodium (140.6 +/- 2.7 (SD) versus 141.0 +/- 2.6 mmol/l) and potassium (4.35 +/- 0.38 versus 4.40 +/- 0.38 mmol/l) as compared with normals (n = 371). In contrast, diabetics with higher blood glucose concentrations (n = 113) showed hyponatremia (137.7 +/- 2.6 mmol/l, p less than 0.001) and a moderate increase of serum potassium (4.60 +/- 0.39 mmol/l, p less than 0.001). On stratification into classes of blood glucose, serum sodium declined from 142 to 135 mmol/l (r = -0.61, p less than 0.001), whereas serum potassium rose from 4.33 to 4.87 mmol/l (r = 0.37, p less than 0.001). Despite these reciprocal changes the urinary excretion rates relative to creatinine of sodium potassium and water rose with rising degrees of glycosuria (r = 0.24, p less than 0.001; r = 0.28, p less than 0.001; and r = 0.63, p less than 0.001, respectively). The decline in serum sodium represents a well-known osmoregulatory response to hyperglycemia. However, the rising level of serum potassium in virtual absence of renal failure and ketonuria suggests an abnormality in potassium homeostasis. Diabetic dysregulation, or rather insulin deficiency may be its cause.
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PMID:Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in relation to hyperglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic out-patients. 703 73

Rubescenslysin, a haemolytic protein from Amanita rubescens, disrupted the cytoplasmic membrane of human leucocytes which were more sensitive than erythrocytes. In the isolated hearts of rats and guinea pigs it caused systolic contracture, which was preceded by potassium outflow and sometimes by a transient positive inotropic effect. On the electrically stimulated guinea-pig left atrium it showed at first a positive, followed by a negative inotropic effect; on the spontaneously beating right atrium it produced transient positive followed by negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Atria were less sensitive than intact hearts. In the isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation it produced a contracture, which was associated with reduction of indirect and direct contractility. In the isolated guinea-pig ileum it produced a slow contraction followed by tachyphylaxis. As excitability declined due to rubescenslysin, so did excitability by acetylcholine and potassium. Atropine and pheniramine had only feeble antagonistic effects, but papaverine was more powerful. In isolated rat hepatocytes, rubescenslysin caused a rapid outflow of potassium and coarse cell protrusions while later the cells became stainable with trypan blue. In the isolated perfused rat liver it produced a rapid outflow of potassium and of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, and a somewhat slower outflow of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase, accompanied by a rise in the lactate/pyruvate ratio and a decrease in bile production. In the isolated perfused rat kidney it caused an outflow of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, together with massive proteinuria and serious restriction of sodium and potassium reabsorption and of urine output. In all the tissues investigated the effects of rubescenslysin began within a few min, were dose-dependent and practically irreversible. There were only minor differences in sensitivity between various organs and species. The observations indicate that the toxin is relatively nonspecific in its attack on components of cell membranes.
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PMID:Damage in vitro to various organs and tissues by rubescenslysin from the edible mushroom Amanita rubescens. 713 16

Toxemia in pregnancy is characterized by a combination of at least two of the following clinical symptoms: hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. In this study the dietary intakes of young pregnant women attending a Maternal and Infant Care Program at Tuskegee Institute were evaluated for selected vitamins and minerals. Women with toxemia were identified, and women without toxemia served as controls. The toxemia group generally consumed lesser amounts of vitamins and minerals than the controls. However, both groups were deficient (less than two-thirds RDA) in calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and thiamin. Milk, meat, and grains supplied an appreciable proportion of each vitamin except vitamin A, which was found primarily in the two vegetable groups. Meat and grains contained the greatest quantities of minerals, but milk provided a relatively good proportion of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Anemia was not related to the incidence of toxemia. Women exhibiting anemia consumed smaller amounts of vitamins studied than did women without anemia.
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PMID:Intakes of vitamins and minerals by pregnant women with selected clinical symptoms. 725 6


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