Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the precise etiologic incitant of the minimal lesion idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood is not known, it is likely that a host mechanism mediates the permeability alterations of the glomerular capillary wall resulting in massive proteinuria. As a first step in examining the possibility that local kinin release may account for the proteinuria in this disorder, two parameters of the plasma kinin-generating system, plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor, were assayed during 27 nephrotic episodes in 21 corticosteroid-responsive children. Plasma kallikrein was assayed by means of its esterase activity on a synthetic arginine ester substrate, N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe), after activation of Hageman factor by kaolin. This activity, after subtraction of spontaneous arginine esterase activity (i.e., TAMe esterase activity measured in plasma not exposed to kaolin) is derived from prekallikrein. Plasma prekallikrein activity in 11 normal children was 99.6 +/- 2.9 mumol TAMe hydrolyzed/ml plasma/hr (mean +/- SEM). Kallikrein inhibitor was quantified in arbitrary units. Kallifrein inhibitor activity in 11 normal children was 0.94 +/- 0.04 units. During the overt nephrotic syndrome, before initiation of intensive daily corticosteroid treatment, mean values were: prekallikrein, 58.5 +/- 7.24 mumol/ml/hr; and kallikrein inhibitor, 0.35 +/- 0.06 units. After corticosteroid-induced remission occurred, mean values were: plasma prekallikrein, 118.6 +/- 3.2 mumol/ml/hr; and kallikrein inhitor, 0.78 +/- 0.03 mumol/ml/hr. Both parameters were again assayed in 14 of the 21 children after complete cessation of corticosteroid treatment. Plasma prekallikrein was normal, 99.6 +/- 4.8 mumol/ml/hr; but kallikrein inhibitor was still somewhat depressed, 0.84 +/- 0.03 units. A subset of 9 patients had marked depression of plasma prekallikrein to levels less than 20 mumol/ml/hr and essentially undetectable inhibitor activity. Serum alpha-2 macroglobulin was elevated in nephrotic patients: mean value during relapse, 862 +/- 29 mg/100 ml; during corticosteroid-maintaining remission, 615 +/- 29 mg/100 ml. After cessation of corticosteroids, mean serum level was 481 +/- 20 mg/100 ml. The proportional reduction of plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor suggested that an enzyme-inhibitor complex formed in vivo, perhaps at a local site of activation in proximity to the glomerular basement membrane. These data suggest that the plasma kinin-generating system may be the host effector mechanism subserving the increased glomerular capillary permeability in the minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome of childhood.
 ...
PMID:A study of the plasma kinin-generating system in children with the minimal lesion, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. 5 8

Main components of kinin system, the arginine-esterase activity and proteinase inhibitors were estimated in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome of various etiology (glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematous) and also in patients with latent nephritis and in healthy donors. Content of all the kinin system components (kallikreinogen, kininogen and kininase 1) proved to be increased in all the forms of nephropathy studied. Free kallikrein was found in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome as distinct from healthy persons and patients with latent nephritis. The arginine-esterase activity, which shows the level of trypsin-like proteinases, was altered dissimilarly, depending on the nephrotic syndrome etiology: it was maximally increased in nephrotic syndrome of amyloid genesis and decreased in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. High content of kallikrein and kininase I with simultaneous decrease in kininogen was typical for patients with severe form of nephrotic syndrome. Impairment of kidney in nephrotic syndrome was also characterized by an increase in alpha1-antitrypsin and in the total antitryptic activity, which reached the maximal value in nephrotic syndrome of the I degree and decreased at the II degree of the disease. In nephrotic syndrome content of alpha2-macroglobulin was maximally increased at the II degree of nephrotic syndrome and decreased in severe form of the disease. The primary alteration in content of proteinase inhibitors and high level of kinin system components were assumed to determine the conditions for activation of kinin system in blood serum and to impair the nephrotic syndrome pathogenesis, which was complicated by systemic manifestations. High content of kinin system components was apparently determined by the increased synthesis in liver tissue in response to inflammation and massive proteinuria; kininase I and alpha2-macrolgobulin, as proteins with high molecular weight, were likely to be selectively retained in blood circulation when the capillary penetration was increased.
 ...
PMID:[State of the kinin system and level of serum proteinase inhibitors in latent nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome of different etiology]. 7 Jan 11

The female patient initially showed the acquired type of total lipoatrophy at about 8 years of age. At 12 years of age, the onset of diabetes mellitus was speculated from advanced pyodermia and dedentition. At 29 years of age, glucosuria was found, and she developed proteinuria, ascites, and pretibial edema. The physical examination revealed: hepatosplenomegaly, complete absence of subcutanous fat, cutaneous xanthomas, and emaciated facies with pronounced zygomatic arches. Diabetic retinopathy was revealed in the ophthalmological examination, and nephropathy was evident in renal biopsy specimens. She also had peripheral diabetic neuropathy. No adipose tissue was found in the mesenterium under peritoneoscopy. The hepatic biopsy specimen revealed advanced portal liver cirrhosis. Laboratory findings included: hyperlipidemia, elevation of BMR without evidence of hyperthyroidism, impaired renal function, and undetected anti-insulin antibodies and anti-insulin antibodies. Endocrinological examinations revealed normal value, except for an impaired hGH response in the arginine test. C-peptide immunoreactivity was high. Her condition was fairly well controlled by 140 units of insulin injection daily.
 ...
PMID:Lipoatrophic diabetes. Report of a case. 15 92

In freshly collected urine from a patient with glomerulotubular proteinuria there were two bands which contained retinol-binding proteins. The cathodal band showed fluorescence in the ultraviolet. After extraction with organic solvents only the anodal non-fluorescent band remained. After addition of an excess retinol only one band remained which by mobility corresponded to the cathodal band. The anodal of the two bands was therefore probably the apo form and the cathodal the holo form of the same retinol-binding protein. Their proportions, determined by densitometric scanning were approximately 4/1 (anodal/cathodal band). More than 85% of the retinol-binding protein in the urine bound to prealbumin-Sephrose. The apo retinol-binding protein from urine had the same electrophoretic mobility on agarose gel el-ctrophoresis and the same pattern on isoelectric focusing as an retinol-binding protein prepared from serum. The carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence of the retinol-binding protein from freshly collected urine that bound to prealbumin-Sepharose, was -Arg-Leu. The amino-terminal sequence was Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-Arg-Val-Ser-X-Phe-Arg-Val-Lys-Glu-Asn-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-X-Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr-. This sequence and the amino acid composition are compatible with the view that the retinol-binding protein in urine is the same as in plasma.
 ...
PMID:Retinol-binding protein from human urine and its interaction with retinol and prealbumin. 57 35

Intralysosomal proteinase activity, due to cathepsins B and L, was measured in microdissected segments of rat nephron, using Z-Phen-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin as the substrate. Cathepsin B was determined with Z-Arg-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. The enzymes cleave on the carboxy side of arginine and release free 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, which is highly fluorescent and can be measured at very low concentrations in small volumes. Enzyme activities were measured in three individual microdissected segments of the proximal tubule and in six different segments of the distal tubule. Experiments were performed in normal non-proteinuric rats and in several rat models of glomerular proteinuria. The distributions of cathepsin activities along the nephron were similar. In all groups, the convoluted part of the proximal tubule had enzyme activities three times higher than in the remaining segments of the nephron. In the last millimeter of the pars convoluta and in the pars recta of the proximal tubule, enzyme activities were two to three times higher in proteinuric animals. These findings suggest that in proteinuric animals the increase in the protein load delivered to the proximal tubules selectively stimulated cathepsin B and L activities in the last millimeter of the pars convoluta and in the pars recta of the proximal tubule, presumably because of an increase in protein uptake, and that cathepsins B and L participate in lysosomal digestion of protein reabsorbed from the glomerular ultrafiltrate via endocytosis.
 ...
PMID:Distribution of cathepsins B and L in the kidney and their role in tubular protein absorption. 149 60

We studied the effect of dietary supplementation with L-arginine for 6 weeks on the progression of renal disease in female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to sham-operation (groups 1 and 2) or surgical ablation of 85% to 90% of the total renal mass (groups 3 and 4). All rats were fed a standard rat chow containing 22.8% protein. Rats in groups 1 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 9) served as controls and drank tap water ad libitum. Rats in groups 2 (n = 6) and 4 (n = 6) drank tap water supplemented with 1% L-arginine. Rats in groups 1 and 2 had similar values for glomerular and tubular function and serum chemistries 6 weeks after sham-operation. Sham-operated rats given L-arginine had significantly greater urine urea excretion than similar rats drinking tap water. Rats with subtotal nephrectomy (groups 3 and 4) had a significantly higher blood pressure, greater proteinuria, and a significantly lower plasma albumin than sham-operated rats (groups 1 and 2). Rats with remnant kidneys given 1% L-arginine (group 4) had significantly greater values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and P-amino hippurate (PAH) clearance than similar rats given tap water (group 3), despite comparable levels of systemic blood pressure, hematocrit, body weight, plasma chemistries, including L-arginine, and urine chemistries, except urea excretion. The remnant kidney of rats given L-arginine (group 4) had a greater number of normal or minimally abnormal glomeruli and fewer interstitial changes than that of rats given tap water (group 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Dietary supplementation with L-arginine ameliorates the progression of renal disease in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. 846 29

Modified gelatin are said without deleterious effect on kidney, an important proteinuria as been seen however in surgical patients after gelatin perfusion. A study in 15 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery compared the renal effects of two modified gelatin: Plasmion (gr P) and Haemaccel (gr H) administered in a similar manner. In the two groups proteinuria appears as soon as perfusion begins with at the third hour a peak which may be as high as 6 g/l. In the same time low molecular weight proteinuria (less than 30 kdalton) appears. The beta 2 microglobulinuria (beta 2m) is significatively enhanced (p less than 0,001). Albuminuria is also enhanced but without statistic signification. Comparison between the two groups reveals that in gr P proteinuria is of the same importance, but delayed, with a significatively smaller elimination of beta 2m (1,8 mg/mmol creatininuria versus 8,6,p less than 0,001). Enzymuria increases in a variable fashion. Proteinuria is probably due to tubular reabsorption inhibition of filtered protein induced by gelatin, particularly by amino acids arginine and lysin which become free after gelatin hydrolysis. If this phenomenon is pathologic or not is unclear and gelatin cannot be said absolutely innocuous. However this phenomenon must be known when proteinuria specially beta 2m is to be interpreted.
 ...
PMID:[Proteinuria after infusion of gelatin. Comparison of Plasmion and Haemaccel]. 259 45

In 107 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes(NIDDM), plasma growth hormone(GH) responses during standard arginine test (0.5 g/kg of body weight) were studied and analyzed in comparison with those in 17 normal subjects. The indices of the responsiveness of GH, peak value of GH, sum of GH values(sigma GH), area of GH curve(integral of GH), sum of GH values above fasting level(sigma delta GH) and area of GH curve above fasting level(integral of delta GH) during the test (2 hr) were calculated. Data were also analyzed with multiple regression analysis using stepwise method for variable selection. Basal level of GH was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in normal subjects (2.1 +/- 1.7 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, mean +/- SD, p less than 0.05), and sigma GH and integral of GH were also higher in diabetic patients. There was a significantly positive correlation between fasting plasma glucose(FPG) and basal level of GH (r = 0.24, n = 107, p less than 0.05), and the indices of GH responses except delta GH and GH peak value (r = 0.24 to 0.31, p less than 0.05 to 0.01). Some indices of GH responses (sigma delta GH, sigma GH, integral of delta GH and integral of GH) were significantly higher in the poor control group (patients with FPG above 180 mg/dl, n = 29) of diabetic patients than in the good control group (patients with FPG below 140 mg/dl, n = 59), or in the group with no abnormal findings of retinopathy (n = 46). During the follow-up of retinopathy for 2.5 years on the average, progression of retinopathy was found in 21 out of 107 patients. Significantly higher GH, and GH in the patients with increasing severity of retinopathy were revealed retrospectively compared to the patients without it. However, there were no significant differences in these parameters between both groups matched by FPG or severity of retinopathy. Multiple regression analysis to the basal GH level and GH responses during arginine infusion as criterion variables of various predictor variables (total 44 factors: biochemical laboratory data, indices of glucose and insulin response to oral glucose load, indices of glucose response to arginine, age, age of the onset, obese index, duration of retinopathy, neuropathy, and therapy) were performed in 86 patients using forward and backward method for variable selection. Basal plasma level of GH showed close positive association with therapy and proteinuria and negative association with age and obesity. Five of 6 indices of GH responsiveness showed significant relationship with retinopathy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Growth hormone response to arginine administration in diabetics--with special reference to the multiple regression analysis in association with diabetic retinopathy]. 279 59

The intralysosomal proteinases, cathepsins B and L, were measured in microdissected segments of rat nephrons following a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). Z-Phenylalanyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin served as substrate. Enzyme activities, proteinuria, creatinine clearance and renal morphology were determined at specific time intervals following induction of PAN nephrosis. During the first three days following PAN injection, enzyme activities in S2 and S3 segments, protein excretion, creatinine clearance and appearance of the renal parenchyma resembled control animals. The enzyme activity in S1 segments was slightly decreased, but returned to control levels at day six after injection. Days four through eight post-PAN injection were characterized by a dramatic increase in protein excretion and an increase in cathepsin B and L activity in S2 and S3 segments of the proximal tubule. During days 9 through 15 enzyme activity decreased significantly in S2 segments despite continued proteinuria. Overt necrosis and cell injury were seen in the proximal tubule and probably account for the decrease in proteolytic activity. After day 15 following PAN injection, the level of proteinuria decreased, restoration of cathepsin activities occurred and a histopathologic picture of healing was present. The data suggest a positive relationship exists between stimulation of cathepsin B and L activity in S2 and S3 segments of the proximal tubule and increased protein filtration in PAN nephrosis. The increased enzyme activity reflects enhancement of the proteolytic capacity of the lysosomal system that is necessary for increased protein catabolism.
 ...
PMID:Cathepsin B and L in nephron segments of rats with puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. 366 94

The intralysosomal proteinases cathepsins B and L were measured in microdissected segments of rat nephron. Z-Arg-Arg-NMec served as the substrate for cathepsin B and Z-Phe-Arg-NMec for cathepsin B and L together. Individual S1, S2, and S3 segments of proximal tubules, TDL, MTAL, CTAL, DCT, CCD, and OMCD were dissected from young female rats weighing 130 +/- 11 g with low protein excretion (0.68 +/- 0.1 mg/24 h), from older female rats weighing 289 +/- 9 g with protein excretion of 10 +/- 6.3 mg/24 h, from older male rats weighing 404 +/- 11 g with protein excretion of 22 +/- 6 mg/24 h, from female rats weighing 198 +/- 10 g with albumin-induced proteinuria (411 +/- 134 mg/24 h), and from female rats weighing 203 +/- 11 g with low protein excretion (2.7 +/- 0.4 mg/24 h). The distributions of cathepsin activities along the nephron were similar. In all five groups, S1 and S2 segments had enzyme activities three times higher than in all remaining segments. In S2 and S3, enzyme activities were two to three times higher in proteinuric animals. These findings suggest that in proteinuric animals the increase in the protein load delivered to the proximal tubules selectively stimulated cathepsin activities in the S2 and S3 segments, presumably because of an increase in protein uptake, and that cathepsins B and L participate in lysosomal digestion of protein reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate via endocytosis.
 ...
PMID:Activities of cathepsins B and L in isolated nephron segments from proteinuric and nonproteinuric rats. 371 47


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>