Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous studies we demonstrated that antigens with the capacity to bind to the glycoprotein fibronectin (FN), localized in the glomerular mesangium after intravenous (IV) injection. In the present study we sought to determine if the localization of FN-binding antigens in the mesangium is capable of inducing glomerulonephritis. A group of rats were injected IV with the FN-binding antigen phenylated gelatin (DNP-GL) followed 2 hours later by rabbit anti-DNP antibodies. This experimental protocol resulted in the development of a glomerulonephritis characterized by an initial heterologous phase and a late autologous phase. Both phases of the disease were characterized by significant histologic changes, including focal segmental mesangial matrix expansion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase in endothelial and mesangial cells. By immunoperoxidase we demonstrated mesangial deposition of rabbit IgG and rat C3 during the initial heterologous phase and mesangial deposition of rat IgG and C3 during the autologous phase. Significant proteinuria developed during the heterologous phase, but not during the autologous phase of the disease. By contrast, rats injected with DNP-GL alone or anti-DNP antibodies alone did not develop significant histologic glomerular changes or proteinuria. In conclusion, antigens that bind to mesangial FN are capable of inducing glomerulonephritis. This mechanism of localization of antigens in the glomeruli may be relevant to human immune complex (IC)-mediated diseases involving antigens that have the capacity to bind to FN.
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PMID:Experimental glomerulonephritis induced by antigen that binds to glomerular fibronectin. 230 87

The type of dietary fat dramatically affects the onset of autoimmune disease in lupus-prone female New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 (B/W) mice. Disease development was strikingly slowed in mice fed a diet containing quantities of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil, FO). By 10 months of age, 94% of the FO mice were still living, whereas all the mice fed a saturated fat diet (lard,L) were dead. Those mice fed a corn oil (CO) diet were intermediate with 35% alive at the 10-month time evaluation. Long after the L and CO groups had succumbed to glomerulonephritis, the FO group had negligible proteinuria. Both B and T cell function, particularly antibody production and resultant circulating immune complex (CIC) levels, were modified by the type of dietary fat. FO mice exhibited lower levels of anti-ds-DNA and lower levels of CICs than L or CO mice. B/W antibody response to a T-independent antigen (DNP-dextran) was enhanced at 8 months of age in FO mice, whereas it was suppressed in L mice. T-dependent (sheep red blood cell) responses at that time period were reduced in all the diet groups, a reflection of the reduced numbers of accessory T cells as determined by FACS analysis. The natural killer (NK) response to YAC-1 cells decreased in the L group from 5 to 9 months of age but remained unchanged in the CO and FO groups. Severe glomerulonephritis was the most common histopathologic finding in the L and CO groups. Arteritis was found in the spleens of nearly all the L and CO mice. Arteritis of the heart, colon and intestine, stomach, kidney, and liver were also seen principally in the L mice. In contrast, most FO mice had minimal to mild glomerulonephritis and no or minimal arteritis in the spleen. It is likely omega-3 fatty acids of fish oil reduce immune-complex-induced glomerulonephritis through production of prostaglandin metabolites with attenuated activity and/or through altering cell membrane structure and fluidity, which may, in turn, affect the responsiveness of immune cells.
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PMID:The type of dietary fat affects the severity of autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW mice. 356 32

The study of serum from a patient with C2 deficiency is described. The patient had an episode of pneumococcal meningitis at 5 mo of age with seizures and transient hemiparesis and apparent purpuric skin lesions. He was first admitted to the University of Minnesota Hospitals at 10 yr of age following the discovery of proteinuria accidentally by his mother. Since then he has been admitted repeatedly to this hospital with numerous clinical findings including arthralgia, recurrent abdominal pain, proteinuria, membranous nephropathy, malar butterfly rash, seizures, personality aberrations, and recurrent fever. In June 1971, the patient developed positive DNA and DNP antibodies and positive LE cells. When the C profile was studied before and after recognition of lupus, C1q, C1s, and C4 dropped. C3 levels were elevated as were C5, C6, and C7, C3 proactivator had been reduced in the patient even before he developed lupus. Also because of a traumatic renal biopsy leading to a perirenal hematoma, he required surgery and a blood transfusion. 1 h after blood transfusion, a C2 titer of 23 hemolytic units was detected. Almost immediately levels of C3, C5, C6, and C7 dropped, C8 and C9 remained elevated. The addition of C2 from normal blood permitted dramatic activation of C3. These findings support the view that the rare deficiency in production of C2 predisposes to serious susceptibility to infection, vascular and mesenchymal disease as well as to renal disease and a lupus syndrome.
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PMID:C2 deficiency. Development of lupus erythematosus. 457 55

Protectin (CD59) is a low molecular weight glycophosphoinositol-anchored inhibitor of the membrane attack complex of complement (MAC) that is present, for example, on the membranes of endothelial cells and on epithelial cells of glomeruli and distal tubuli. To examine for the possibility that CD59 becomes detached from cell surfaces following cell injury, this study evaluated renal excretion of CD59 in patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN; N = 21), diabetic nephropathy (DNP; N = 15) and in healthy control subjects (N = 13). CD59 in human urine was quantitated by a competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay having approximately 13 kDa soluble urinary CD59 as a standard. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated a decreased expression of CD59 in the glomeruli of MGN patients. Using a Triton X-114 phase separation method 91 to 97% of urinary CD59 was found to be in a soluble form without anchor-associated phospholipid. The mean (+/- SEM) level of urinary CD59 was 5.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml in MGN patients, 3.7 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml in healthy controls (P < 0.001) and 2.6 +/- 0.1 in DNP patients (P < 0.001). When related to urinary creatinine (UCr) the corresponding values were 11.9 +/- 5.6, 4.8 +/- 0.3 (P = 0.021) and 4.4 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.002), respectively. The amount of CD59 in urine correlated with the urinary excretion of soluble terminal complement complexes, SC5b-9 (r = 0.594, P < 0.006) in MGN patients. The excretion of CD59 also correlated with the excretion of the inflammatory mediator IL-1 beta (r = 0.671, P = 0.001) but not with TNF-alpha (r = 0.314, P = 0.178). No correlation of CD59 excretion was observed with duration of the disease level of proteinuria, serum albumin concentration or serum creatinine level. Based on these findings we speculate that the increased excretion of CD59 into urine in MGN patients is due to complement activation and inflammation induced shedding of CD59 from glomerular cells.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of protectin (CD59), complement SC5b-9 and cytokines in membranous glomerulonephritis. 754 24

In the present study, we have evaluated the glomerular handling of circulating glycated albumin in the normal mouse kidney by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was glycated in vitro and dinitrophenylated. Glycated and nonglycated probes were introduced into the circulation of anesthetized mice and traced by postembedding immunogold cytochemistry after 10 and 30 min of circulation. Endogenous albumin, as well as dinitrophenylated native BSA (DNP-BSA) and glycated albumins (DNP-gBSA), were localized within the capillary lumen, glomerular and peritubular basement membranes, and the mesangial matrix. Morphometric evaluation of the labeling over the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) revealed a peak of labeling in the endothelial side for either endogenous albumin or DNP-BSA. In contrast, the labeling distribution for DNP-gBSA showed a shift toward the epithelial side, suggesting a further penetration of the glycated probe into the GBM. When coinjected with gBSA, DNP-BSA was found to display a labeling distribution similar to that displayed by DNP-gBSA. These results indicate that the glycated tracer penetrates the normal glomerular wall deeper than the nonglycated one. Moreover, glycated albumin increases the infiltration of the nonglycated tracer through the normal glomerular wall. Circulating glycated serum proteins thus appear to play an important role in the onset of the glomerular dysfunction and proteinuria, which take place in long-term hyperglycemic states.
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PMID:Glomerular handling of circulating glycated albumin in the normal mouse kidney. 777 19

An acute model for IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation in rats was induced by the in situ deposition of IgA directly into the glomerular mesangium. F(ab')2 anti-Thy1 MoAb was used to anchor an antigen, DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol), in the glomeruli of rats. Subsequent infusion of rat polymeric (p-) or monomeric (m-) IgA MoAb with specificity for DNP resulted in mesangial deposition of IgA in both groups of rats. However, acute proteinuria was observed only in p-IgA-treated rats and not in PBS- or m-IgA-treated rats. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed deposition of C3 in an identical pattern to that of IgA in the glomeruli of p-IgA-treated rats. No mesangial deposits of C4 or C1q were seen in these animals. Rats receiving m-IgA or PBS displayed no detectable C3, C4 or C1q deposition. The amount of proteinuria in p-IgA-treated rats was related to the amount of deposited C3. The presence of intraglomerular monocytes was only observed 2 days after p-IgA injection. By light microscopy, aneurysm formation, mesangial hypercellularity and matrix expansion were seen only in p-IgA-treated rats. However, by 37 days post-injection complete resolution of the lesions was observed. No histological renal changes were observed in PBS- or m-IgA-treated rats. In conclusion, an acute form of IgA-mediated nephritis in rats was induced by p-IgA but not by m-IgA. This reproducible model provides a basis for further study into the mechanisms of IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation.
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PMID:An acute model for IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation in rats induced by monoclonal polymeric rat IgA antibodies. 809 59

Intrarenal tissue hypoxia is an acknowledged common pathway to end-stage renal disease in clinically common conditions associated with development of chronic kidney disease, such as diabetes and hypertension. In diabetic kidneys, increased oxygen metabolism mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling results in decreased kidney oxygen tension (PO2) and contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy. The present study investigated whether increased intrarenal oxygen metabolism per se can cause intrarenal tissue hypoxia and kidney damage, independently of confounding factors such as hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were untreated or treated with either triiodothyronine (T3, 10 g/kg bw/day, subcutaneously for 10 days) or the mitochondria uncoupler dinitrophenol (DNP, 30 mg/kg bw/day, oral gavage for 14 days), after which in vivo kidney function was evaluated in terms of glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance), renal blood flow (RBF, Transonic, PAH clearance), cortical PO2 (Clark-type electrodes), kidney oxygen consumption (QO2), and proteinuria. Administration of both T3 and DNP increased kidney QO2 and decreased PO2 which resulted in proteinuria. However, GFR and RBF were unaltered by either treatment. The present study demonstrates that increased kidney metabolism per se can cause intrarenal tissue hypoxia which results in proteinuria. Increased kidney QO2 and concomitantly reduced PO2 may therefore be a mechanism for the development of chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease.
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PMID:Increased kidney metabolism as a pathway to kidney tissue hypoxia and damage: effects of triiodothyronine and dinitrophenol in normoglycemic rats. 2385 70