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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

These studies examine the effect of cholesterol feeding in normal rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Four groups were studied: normal rats fed either a standard rat chow or a standard rat chow supplemented with cholesterol and diabetic rats fed standard chow or standard chow plus cholesterol. Diabetic rats fed a standard diet excreted more creatinine and urea in the urine, had higher levels of blood urea nitrogen, and lower serum albumin levels than rats fed standard diet plus cholesterol. Blood glucose levels were similar in the two groups; however, diabetic rats given cholesterol had a greater body weight at the end of the study than diabetic rats eating standard chow. Urine volumes and sodium and potassium excretion in the urine were greater in diabetic rats fed a standard diet than in those fed a high cholesterol diet. Diabetic rats fed a standard diet had distinctive renal lesions characterized by swelling of tubular epithelial cells with clearing of cytoplasm. The nephron segments involved by this striking vacuolar change were the distal convoluted tubule and the thick limbs of Henle's loop. These lesions were identical to those described by Armanni-Ebstein in severely glycosuric patients. These lesions were not observed in any of the animals of the other three groups (including diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet). Glomeruli were normal in animals of all groups. Thus, cholesterol administration prevents the development of the Armanni-Ebstein lesions in diabetic rats despite persistent hyperglycemia. The mechanism by which cholesterol administration prevents the accumulation of glycogen in distal tubule cells has not been elucidated. It is suggested that glycogen accumulation in distal tubular segments may explain the greater urine volumes, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and proteinuria observed in diabetic animals fed a standard diet when compared with rats fed the same diet plus cholesterol.
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PMID:A high cholesterol diet ameliorates renal tubular lesions in diabetic rats. 235 86

Vibratory and cooling detection thresholds (VDT and CDT) were determined at both the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx of the right index finger (upper limb) and the plantar aspect of the distal phalanx of the right great toe (lower limb) in 53 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), in order to analyze the frequency of the abnormality of each threshold and the relationship between each threshold and the clinical or laboratory findings. VDT in the lower limb was statistically correlated with age, duration of diabetes mellitus, and blood urea nitrogen value of each patient, but not with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C levels. VDT in the lower limb was significantly greater in the groups of patients with each of the subjective sensory disturbances, peripheral neuropathy (based on our criteria), retinopathy, and proteinuria. Forty-seven per cent of the patients showed clinically peripheral neuropathy, and the frequencies of the abnormality of VDT, CDT and VDT or CDT were 34, 26 and 45%, respectively. VDT and CDT reflect the abnormality of different populations of the peripheral nerve fibers and seem to be affected separately. The determination of both VDT and CDT is useful for the evaluation of the neuropathic state of diabetic patients.
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PMID:[Vibratory and cooling detection thresholds in diabetes mellitus]. 238 92

The value of high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets in preventing diabetic nephropathy in rats was studied. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (SZ), 65 mg/kg. Rats were divided in four groups fed diets containing 11% fat for 38 weeks. Dietary fat derived from four sources: beef tallow (BT; rich in saturated fatty acids), evening primrose oil (EPO; rich in gamma linolenic [GLA] and linoleic acids [LA]), safflower oil (SO; rich in LA), and fish oil (FO; rich in eicosapentaenoic [EPA] and docosahexaenoic [DHA] acids). Ultralente insulin was administered every other day to maintain the blood glucose levels between 11.1 and 22.2 mmol/L (200 and 400 mg/dL). The diets prepared with EPO and SO had a clear beneficial effect on proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, and tubular abnormalities, as compared with BT. Both diets also increased the ratio of renal cortical production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to thromboxane B2 (TXB2), the stable metabolites of PGI2 and TXA2, respectively. They did not induce significant changes in plasma lipid composition. The FO diet did not have an effect on renal disease, but decreased plasma lipids and inhibited eicosanoid synthesis by platelets and kidney cortex. FO feeding was associated with a lowered 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 ratio. It is concluded that high LA diets are protective in this model of diabetic nephropathy. The effect may be secondary to modifications of the eicosanoid balance. Diets containing FO have a beneficial effect on plasma lipids in this model.
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PMID:High linoleic acid diets ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in rats. 239 16

Nineteen children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were assessed for microangiopathic complications in the University Department of Paediatrics, Singapore. Of 17 who underwent nerve conduction studies, all showed impaired nerve conduction velocities, with more sensory than motor nerve involvement. The extent of neuropathy was significantly correlated with the duration of disease. Of five children who showed significant proteinuria, two had impaired creatinine clearance, two had cataract formation, and two retinopathy, in one background and in one proliferative. Our study showed a high prevalence of microangiopathic complications in these diabetic children and it is hoped that improved blood glucose control, with the aid of home blood glucose monitoring, may minimize or arrest the microangiopathic complications.
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PMID:Microangiopathy in Singapore diabetic children. 241 47

In an insulin dependent diabetic who was hyperglycaemic and ketotic despite 3,000 u of insulin injected subcutaneously in 2 divided doses daily, 50 u of intravenous insulin infused over 24 hr restored normal glucose homeostasis. A combination of insulin (800 u) and aprotinin (10,000 u) given twice daily also produced adequate glucose homeostasis for a period of 12 months. The patient then developed local hypertrophy of subcutaneous tissue at the injection site and her diabetic control deteriorated. Non-selective proteinuria followed and she developed nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed a membraneous glomerulonephritis with subepithelial immune complexes, appearances consistent with a drug-induced glomerulonephritis. Withdrawal of aprotinin led to a gradual remission of nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria over several months. During this period, her diabetes was well controlled with continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin at a dose of 500 u/24 hr. This case report demonstrates: the effective use of aprotinin for prolonged periods in insulin dependent diabetics with abnormal absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin; aprotinin induced lipohypertrophy which was not observed when insulin was injected alone; aprotinin-associated glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome; the effective use of CSII--at higher insulin doses--in such patients with subcutaneous malabsorption of insulin.
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PMID:Aprotinin induced lipohypertrophy and glomerulonephritis in an insulin dependent diabetic. 241 74

We compared the effect of nicardipine, a dihydropiridine derivative calcium entry blocker (CEB), with that of captopril (CAP), a converting-enzyme inhibitor (CEI), and that of the two drugs combined, on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and renal function in 12 hypertensive type II diabetic outpatients with nephropathy (persistent proteinuria greater than 500 mg/24 h) according to a 2 x 2 factorial design. For 4-week treatments, the patients received nicardipine (NIC) 20 mg t.i.d., CAP 50 mg b.i.d., NIC plus CAP, and matched placebo. Each active treatment significantly reduced BP, with an additive effect of NIC and CAP combined versus either drug alone. HR did not change. Effective renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GRF) were unmodified, but renal vascular resistances (RVRs) were significantly reduced by the three active treatments. Filtration fraction (FF) did not change with NIC or with NIC plus CAP and was significantly reduced with CAP. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was significantly reduced by each active treatment to a similar extent. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased significantly with NIC plus CAP only and did not change when the drugs were administered singly. Plasma aldosterone, glucose, potassium, fructosamine, and urinary sodium and volume did not change during the trial. We conclude that the two drugs singly and combined are useful for treatment of hypertensive non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) patients with persistent proteinuria.
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PMID:Hemodynamic, renal, and humoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nicardipine and converting enzyme inhibitor captopril in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with nephropathy. 248 72

The factors associated with intermittent microalbuminuria were studied over 7 years in 49 Type I and 53 Type II diabetics who had normal initial albumin clearance. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1, 24 hour urinary glucose, blood pressure, protein intake (24 hour urinary urea), and the renal clearance of albumin, transferrin, and IgG, as well as total proteinuria, were assessed every 3-6 months. Fifteen Type I and 11 Type II diabetics had 40 and 31 episodes, respectively, of intermittent microalbuminuria, defined as an albumin clearance greater than 11 nl/sec, without progressing to persistent microalbuminuria. Rises in transferrin and IgG clearance paralleled albumin clearance in both Type I and Type II diabetics. There were no significant changes in blood pressure or glycemic control during episodes of intermittent microalbuminuria. However, in Type I diabetics, intermittent microalbuminuria was associated with higher levels of urinary urea excretion. This study raises the possibility that increased protein intake may participate in the development of nephropathy in Type I diabetes.
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PMID:Intermittent diabetic microalbuminuria: association with blood pressure, glycemic control, and protein intake. 252 46

Tail-vein injections of streptozotocin (STZ) in various doses (20-60 mg/kg body weight) were used to induce diabetes mellitus in male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Resulting pathosis was observed on the basis of various parameters (body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucose-tolerance tests, uroscopy, hemodiagnosis, and skin strength) Results 1. Diabetes mellitus was induced in all rats of the group in which the dosage was STZ 40 mg/kg body weight (S-40 group). Blood-glucose level in this group was about 340 mg (3 times the quantity in controls). Plasma-insulin level was about 8.9 microU/ml (about 1/3 the quantity in controls). Glucose-tolerance tests and observation of urino-glucose showed reductions in glucose tolerance and plasma-insulin response. 2. In the S-40 group, pathosis of induced diabetes mellitus had stabilized 30 days after and persisted for 90 days after STZ injection. 3. Skin strength decreased for 20 days after STZ injection. The level remained stable at half the strength of control skin from 30 to 90 days after the injection. 4. In groups in which doses were STZ 20 mg/kg body weight or STZ 30 mg/kg body weight, diabetes mellitus was induced in some of the rats. The animals tended to recover from the induced pathosis. 5. Diabetes mellitus was induced in all rats to which doses of STZ 50 mg/kg or STZ60 mg/kg body weight were induced. shortly after injection, the induced-diabetes pathosis changed for the worse; and grave complications (hypo-albuminosis, diabetic ketocacidosis, and diabetic proteinuria) were observed. A large number of the rats in these groups died. 6. The results of this study confirm the opinion that STZ 40 mg/kg body weight is the optimum dose for STZ induction of diabetes mellitus in rats for experimental studies. The suitable term for such studies is from 30 to 90 days after STZ injection.
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PMID:[The relations between doses of streptozotocin and pathosis in induced diabetes mellitus]. 253 96

To evaluate the effect of enalapril on proteinuria, 16 normotensive type II diabetics with persistent proteinuria were studied. At random, the patients were allocated to enalapril (5 mg once a day) or placebo, in a double-blind fashion, for 12 months. Blood pressure, heart rate, urinary albumin excretion, plasma renin activity and aldosterone, blood glucose, serum fructosamine, urine urea and body weight were checked monthly during the run-in period and every 2 months during the treatment period. The kidney function was studied at the beginning of the study and during the sixth and 12th months. Enalapril decreased urinary albumin excretion in our patients in the absence of any effect on blood pressure and kidney function. Our data may be interpreted on the basis of a direct vascular effect of enalapril that is probably related to a tissue mechanism consisting of reduced angiotensin formation, increased kinins, or both, or of other unknown factors.
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PMID:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in normotensive type II diabetics with persistent mild proteinuria. 256 Nov 47

In 75 bitches with pyometra single urine samples were examined for gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), protein, glucose, specific gravity, bacteria, red blood cells and white blood cells. Serum samples were examined for urea, creatinine, inorganic phosphate and gamma-GT. Biochemical findings were compared with the degree of illness (clinical signs). Twenty one bitches had no signs of renal disease. Seventeen showed only glomerular damage indicated by proteinuria without signs of proximal tubular damage. Thirty seven bitches had increased urinary gamma-GT levels, indicating proximal tubular lesions, which were associated with proteinuria in 35 and renal failure in 16 of them, and worse clinical findings. In all bitches with pyometra serum levels of gamma-GT were comparable to values in control bitches. Glomerular dysfunction seemed to precede proximal tubular lesions, so that gamma-GT-uria in bitches with pyometra was not an early but rather a late indication of a more profound degree of renal dysfunction, that is, proximal tubular renal damage developed after glomerular dysfunction and preceding renal failure.
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PMID:Urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase and the degree of renal dysfunction in 75 bitches with pyometra. 256 10


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