Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The characteristics and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia are reviewed. Risk factors for preeclampsia include (1) nulliparity, (2) a mother or sister(s) with a history of the disorder, (3) essential hypertension or renal disease, or (4) a twin or molar pregnancy. Preeclampsia is diagnosed when the systolic blood pressure (BP) increases by 30 mm Hg or the diastolic BP increases by 15 mm Hg after the 20th week of gestation and the BP rise is accompanied by edema, proteinuria, or both. Severe preeclampsia is diagnosed when the BP reaches or exceeds 160 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic after bed rest. Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures (in the preeclamptic patient) that cannot be attributed to other causes; it occurs in about 0.2% of preeclamptic patients. Magnesium sulfate (in the injectable, hydrated form) is the agent used most often for seizure prophylaxis in the preeclamptic patient in the United States. It is also used widely to control seizures once they develop. In the United States, diazepam is used to supplement magnesium sulfate if necessary to control seizures, but its use is not routine. Among antihypertensive agents, i.v. hydralazine is preferred in this country to control blood pressure in the severely preeclamptic or eclamptic patient. Several studies provide promising evidence that low-dose aspirin (60-150 mg daily beginning at 28-30 weeks of gestation) prevents preeclampsia in women who are at risk for its development. Until additional comparative studies are completed, magnesium sulfate and hydralazine will remain the standard of care for the treatment of preeclampsia in the United States.
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PMID:Treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia. 161 13

The isolated perfused kidney exhibits substantial charge selectivity, as in vivo, in relation to fractional clearance of [3H]dextran sulfate and [3H]dextran. When cycloheximide is present in perfusate, fractional clearance of dextran sulfate is increased and proteinuria becomes significant, but glomerular filtration rate remains essentially unchanged compared with control. The possible role of cells in affecting transglomerular transport was demonstrated when isolated glomeruli from control perfused kidneys showed a very significant resident concentration of [3H]dextran sulfate and [3H]albumin, whereas there was no corresponding accumulation of [3H]dextran or [3H]inulin. Glomerular concentration of dextran sulfate and albumin was significantly reduced by cycloheximide. Kinetics of uptake and release of glomerular dextran sulfate indicated that it had a half-life of glomerular residence of approximately 2-3 min and that this half-life was considerably extended in the presence of cycloheximide. The half-life for glomerular residence of albumin was in the range of 30-40 min. The conclusion from this work is that glomerular charge selectivity for dextran sulfate could be quantitatively rationalized on the basis of transient uptake and release by glomerular cells.
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PMID:Charge selectivity in kidney ultrafiltration is associated with glomerular uptake of transport probes. 170 41

We performed selective and continuous immunoadsorption of anti-DNA antibodies from the blood of 6 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, using a newly developed extracorporeal immunoadsorption system equipped with twin dextran sulfate-cellulose columns with an automated regenerating unit. Levels of anti-DNA, which were initially high, were rapidly diminished after 2-4 apheresis procedures in each patient; in 3 patients with proteinuria and 4 patients with lymphocytopenia, these symptoms also improved. Analysis of the kinetics and the adsorbed amounts of anti-DNA during the apheresis indicates that both the intravascular and the extravascular pool of anti-DNA are reduced with this potent apheresis technique.
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PMID:Continuous removal of anti-DNA antibody, using a new extracorporeal immunoadsorption system, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. 174 39

75 patients with hypertension syndrome of pregnancy (HSP) were randomly designed to 2 groups: the control group treated with magnesium sulfate (20-25g/d) and the Ligustrazine (120-160mg/d) group. The results of Ligustrazine group compared with the control group were as follows: (1) Mean arterial pressure was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). (2) Edema and proteinuria was lowered (P less than 0.05). (3) The condition of rheology was improved, especially, hematocrit was significantly decreased (P less than 0.001). (4) The positive rate of NST and Apgar's score were not different between the 2 groups. Clinical monitoring showed Ligustrazine without side effects in the group. Mechanisms of Ligustrazine in HSP were (1) dilating blood vessel; (2) improving kidney function; (3) improving microcirculatory and rheology.
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PMID:[Treatment of hypertension syndrome of pregnancy with ligustrazine]. 177 67

The detection of Bence Jones protein, an important part of the investigation of suspected myeloma, is most commonly done by agarose or cellulose nitrate electrophoresis followed by immunofixation. Bence Jones protein is recognized as single or multiple bands of one type of light chain. Unfortunately, improvements in sensitivity of these techniques (use of high-affinity antisera and higher resolution electrophoresis) frequently allow detection of multiple light chain bands in the urine of patients who do not have a B-cell dyscrasia. The bands are usually kappa, although they may be accompanied by lambda bands. This pattern may lead to the misdiagnosis of Bence Jones protein and oligoclonal light chain production in patients. Here we show that this pattern is produced by polyclonal light chains; it is present in the urine of all patients with a tubular proteinuria of any etiology and may be induced in healthy individuals by blocking their renal tubular protein reabsorption. Polyclonal light chains separate into monomers and dimers on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and into four major bands with many minor bands by isoelectric focusing. This difference in charge and possibly size results in the banding pattern seen on good-quality electrophoresis and immunofixation.
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PMID:Restricted electrophoretic heterogeneity of immunoglobulin light chains in urine: a cause for confusion with Bence Jones protein. 190 42

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, particularly enalapril and captopril, have been shown to decrease proteinuria in diabetic animals and human subjects. Since heparan sulfate proteoglycan confers a negative charge on the glomerular basement membrane, and either decreased synthesis or loss of this charge causes albuminuria in diabetic animals, we examined the possibility that enalapril prevents albuminuria through glomerular preservation of heparan sulfate in long-term diabetic rats. A total of 22 male Wistar rats were used in the study. Diabetes was induced in 15 rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The remaining 7 rats received buffer. One week following induction of diabetes, 8 diabetic rats were allowed to drink tap water containing enalapril at a concentration of 50 mg/liter; the remaining 7 diabetic and 7 nondiabetic rats were given only tap water. The drug treatment was continued for 20 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and 24-hr urinary excretion of albumin were measured at 2, 8, 16, and 20 weeks. At the end of 20 weeks, all rats were killed, kidneys were removed, and glomeruli were isolated by differential sieving technique. Total glycosaminoglycan and heparan sulfate synthesis was determined by incubating glomeruli in the presence of [35S]sulfate. Characterization of heparan sulfate was performed by ion-exchange chromatography. Systolic blood pressures were significantly lower in enalapril-treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Diabetic glomeruli synthesized less heparan sulfate than glomeruli from nondiabetic rats. Also, glomerular heparan sulfate content of diabetics was significantly lower than that of nondiabetics. Further characterization of heparan sulfate showed that the fraction eluted with 1 M NaCl was significantly lower and the fraction eluted with 1.25 M NaCl significantly higher in diabetic than in normal rats. Enalapril treatment normalized not only glomerular synthesis and content but also various fractions of heparan sulfate in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats excreted increased quantities of heparan sulfate and albumin than nondiabetic rats. Enalapril therapy prevented both these increases in diabetic rats. These data suggest that enalapril treatment improves albuminuria through preservation of glomerular heparan sulfate and prevention of its urinary loss in diabetic rats.
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PMID:Enalapril improves albuminuria by preventing glomerular loss of heparan sulfate in diabetic rats. 201 5

We analyzed the components of urinary proteins in 58 diabetic patients with either short duration or long-standing disease using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), in comparison with 21 healthy volunteers. It was found that the percentage of protein with a molecular weight (Mr) of 140 kDa was greater in diabetics with normal renal function and negative clinical proteinuria (less than 100 mg/24 h) than in normals. In patients with clinical proteinuria (greater than 100 mg/24 h), the percentage of protein with an Mr of 67 kDa (presumably albumin) was predominantly increased, while the percentage of lower Mr proteins was considerably decreased. A positive correlation existed between the total urinary protein excretion and the percentage of 67 kDa protein in diabetics without clinical proteinuria (r = 0.487, p less than 0.01), but not in normal subjects. Recovery of glycemic control led to a decrease of urine proteins with an Mr lower than 67 kDa, while deterioration of the control resulted in an increase in these proteins. The present data confirm the idea that analysis of the components of urine proteins by SDS-PAGE represents a useful approach to understanding the glomerular and tubular functions in diabetic patients. Additionally, this investigation appears to provide biochemical evidence that dysfunction of the glomerular permselectivity to plasma proteins might already have occurred in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Analysis of urinary protein in diabetics; its clinical implications as a predictor of nephropathy. 203 31

Nephrotoxic potential of cefpirome sulfate (CPR) was examined by single and multiple intravenous administrations to Japanese white male rabbits. In single administration studies, no nephrotoxic symptoms were observed at the dose level of 320 mg/kg of CPR or less. At the dose level of 500 mg/kg or more, nephrotoxic findings were noted in both CPR and cefazolin sodium(CEZ) groups, such as proteinuria, glucosuria, increase in serum level of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid, and necrosis and calcification in the proximal tubular epithelium of kidney. Renal phenolsulfonphthalein(PSP) excretion was suppressed at the dose level of 500 mg/kg of CPR or more, and 2000 mg/kg of CEZ. In 14 and 21 days repeated administration studies, no nephrotoxic symptoms were observed at the dose level of 100 mg/kg of CPR and CEZ or less. At the dose level of 200 mg/kg of CPR or more, urinary and serum biochemical findings mentioned above were observed, and histopathological changes in the kidney described above were added in 400 mg/kg group. The similar nephrotoxic symptoms including histopathological changes of the kidney were observed in the groups of 100 mg/kg of cefaloridine(CER) and 200 mg/kg of CEZ. In addition, renal PSP excretion was suppressed in the group of 200 mg/kg of CEZ. The results would suggest that CPR is less nephrotoxic than CER and that the nephrotoxic potential of CPR is comparable to CEZ because CPR caused more severe renal failures in single administration study and less severe renal failures in multiple administration study than CEZ.
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PMID:[Nephrotoxicity of cefpirome sulfate in rabbits--single and multiple intravenous administration]. 207 3

The perfused isolated kidney is a partial ischemic system that is characterised by glomerular proteinuria and release of glomerular heparan sulfate. Metabolic changes associated with the levels of glutathione, xanthine oxidase and glyceraldehyde 3-dehydrogenase indicated that oxygen radical metabolites were being produced during the perfusion. We have demonstrated that a mixture of oxygen metabolite scavengers containing mannitol, superoxide dismutase and catalase included in the perfusion medium significantly reduced protein excretion. Similar results were obtained with the administration of allopurinol to the rat 24h prior to kidney removal and allopurinol in the perfusion medium. [35S]Heparan sulfate loss from the glomerulus was totally inhibited by the scavenger mixture. These results suggest that reactive oxygen metabolites may be involved in damage to renal capillaries, specifically to heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which leads to proteinuria as a result of partial ischemia produced during perfusion.
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PMID:The inhibitory action of oxygen radical scavengers on proteinuria and glomerular heparan sulphate loss in the isolated perfused kidney. 214 Dec 55

The therapeutic effects of saccharolytic and proteolytic enzymes were investigated in models of IgA nephropathy. Mesangial glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by intravenous injection of preformed soluble immune complexes of dextran sulfate and either IgA (J 558) or IgM (MOPC 104 E) anti-dextran MAb (passive model) or by immunization with DEAE dextran (active model). In the passive model, only 30-40% of dextranase-treated mice given IgA or IgM immune complexes had mesangial Ig or dextran deposits, compared with 100% of saline-treated controls (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in mice given only protease. In the active model, dextranase and protease separately each reduced glomerular dextran and C3 deposits, and hematuria (P less than 0.01). Dextranase also reduced the glomerular IgA deposits (20 vs. 100% of saline-treated mice) and the frequency and severity of mesangial matrix expansion (both P less than 0.02), but did not reduce the modest IgG or IgM codeposits. Protease reduced IgG and IgM deposits, proteinuria and mesangial hypercellularity compared with saline (P less than 0.02), but did not diminish IgA, and had no effect on mesangial matrix expansion. The combination of dextranase plus protease attenuated all components of glomerular injury as judged by clinical and pathological parameters, but inactivated dextranase plus inactivated protease had no effect on any parameter. We conclude that enzymatic digestion of antigen and antibody can reduce immune deposits, mesangial proliferation, proteinuria, and hematuria in experimental glomerulonephritis.
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PMID:Enzymolysis of glomerular immune deposits in vivo with dextranase/protease ameliorates proteinuria, hematuria, and mesangial proliferation in murine experimental IgA nephropathy. 220 21


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