Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are negatively charged constituents of the renal extracellular matrix including the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial matrix. Biochemical and functional studies of patients with type-1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) suggest that alterations of HSPG may occur in diabetic nephropathy. We have utilized a specific cytochemical method and electron microscopy to quantitate the distribution of HSPG in the GBM of 10 normal people and in 16 IDDM patients with a spectrum of clinical and structural changes. Enzyme incubation studies of normal infant kidney demonstrated that heparitinase removed 94% of the stainable anionic sites in the lamina rara externa (LRE) and 77% of the sites in the lamina rara interna (LRI) of the GBM. In contrast, incubation in the enzyme chondroitinase ABC did not reduce the number of sites in the LRE but reduced the number of sites in the LRI by 26%. The HSPG anionic sites in normal subjects were distributed in the LRE as 20.9 +/- 1.3, and in the LRI as 13.1 +/- 2.2 per micron GBM length. Anionic sites were slightly reduced (19.6 +/- 1.3, P less than 0.04) in the LRE of IDDM patients with normal urinary albumin excretion rates (UAE), or microalbuminuria, and were reduced in both the LRE and LRI of IDDM patients with clinical proteinuria (13.1 +/- 2.3, P less than 0.001 and 8.9 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.001, respectively). The number of anionic sites in the LRE and LRI, respectively, correlated with UAE (r = +0.78, P less than 0.001, r = +0.58, P less than 0.02), with GBM thickness (LRE, r = +0.81, P less than 0.001; LRI, r = +0.67, P less than 0.01) and with the volume fraction of mesangium (LRE, r = +0.59, P less than 0.02; LRI, r = +0.58, P less than 0.03). These data confirm earlier biochemical findings of a reduction of HSPG in the GBM in advanced diabetic nephropathy but do not provide evidence for the loss of HSPG in the GBM as a mechanism for early microalbuminuria.
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PMID:Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 151 88

After immunization of mice with partially-purified heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) isolated from rat glomeruli, a monoclonal antibody (mAb JM-403) was obtained, which was directed against heparan sulfate (HS), the glycosaminoglycan side chain of HSPG. In ELISA it reacted with isolated human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) HSPG, HS and hyaluronic acid, but not with the core protein of human GBM HSPG, and not with chondroitin sulfate A and C, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and heparin. Furthermore, it did not bind to laminin, collagen type IV or fibronectin. Specificity of JM-403 for HS was also suggested by results of inhibition studies, which found that intact HSPG and HS, but not the core protein, inhibited the binding of JM-403 to HS. In indirect immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of rat kidney, a fine granular to linear staining of the GBM was observed, along with a variable staining of the other renal basement membranes. Pretreatment of the sections with heparitinase completely prevented the binding of mAb JM-403, whereas pretreatment with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase had no effect. The precise binding site of mAb JM-403 was investigated by indirect immunoelectron microscopy. It revealed a diffuse staining of the whole width of the GBM. One hour after intravenous injection of JM-403 into rats, the mAb was detected along the glomerular capillary wall in a fine granular pattern, which shifted towards a more mesangial localization after 24 hours. No binding was observed anymore by day 15. Intravenous injection induced a dose-dependent, transient and selective proteinuria that was maximal immediately after the injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A monoclonal antibody against GBM heparan sulfate induces an acute selective proteinuria in rats. 159 46

The polycation hexadimethrine (HDM) binds to anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and causes heavy proteinuria when infused in vivo. An in vitro assay of 3H-HDM binding to isolated dog GBM was developed, to permit further analysis of the GBM components binding HDM. 3H-HDM binding to isolated GBM was saturable, reversible in dose-dependent fashion by competing polycations, and inhibited by increasing salt concentration and low pH. The pH dependence of binding suggested that most of the HDM binds to carboxyl groups rather than to the sulfate groups of proteoglycans. Removal of heparan sulfate by heparinase or purified heparatinase had no detectable effect on HDM binding. Treatment of GBM with neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, or chondroitinase reduced binding of HDM by a maximum of 20 to 38%. However, substitution of carboxyl anions with nonionizable glycine methyl ester residues resulted in complete elimination of HDM binding. Parallel results were obtained in studies of glomerular localization of cationized ferritin (CatF), pI 8.5. After carboxyl substitution, GBM did not bind CatF; heparinase-treated GBM bound CatF in a distribution not demonstrably different from normal. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycan fractions prepared from treated GBM confirmed that carboxyl modification did not alter the content or charge of the heparan sulfate of GBM, but heparinase treatment removed at least 90% of heparan sulfate. The results indicate that carboxyl groups are quantitatively more important than heparan sulfate for binding of HDM in vitro. Since HDM causes proteinuria in vivo, carboxyl groups may be important for maintenance of normal permselectivity.
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PMID:Polycation binding to glomerular basement membrane. Effect of biochemical modification. 380 16

Nephrosis is characterized by glomerular epithelial cell injury and a decrease in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) proteoglycan content. Although CsA is a useful treatment for a group of patients with this disease, its mechanism of action is unclear. We have previously shown that in experimental nephrosis there is an increase in the glomerular production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Here we have studied the effect of CsA on kidney generation of TNF-alpha and PAF in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis as well as on the synthesis of proteoglycans by cultured glomerular epithelial cells. Rats receiving CsA had, on day 8 of PAN injection, a significant reduction in proteinuria, blood cholesterol levels and in interstitial mononuclear cells. A diminution in glomerular production and urinary excretion of TNF-alpha and PAF was also noted. In in vitro studies, at 24 h of incubation PAF and TNF-alpha induced in glomerular epithelial cells a significant decrease in proteoglycan synthesis. Neither PAF nor TNF-alpha had any significant effect on glomerular epithelial cell proliferation. CsA alone induced a dose-response increase in proteoglycan synthesis and a slight decrease in cell proliferation. CsA also reversed the inhibitory effect of PAF and TNF-alpha on proteoglycan synthesis. However, CsA did not alter the pattern of proteoglycan production, remaining around 50% chondroitinase ABC-, 15% heparitinase-sensitive. Our results indicate that PAF and TNF-alpha could be implicated in the pathogenesis of nephrosis through the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis by glomerular epithelial cells. The beneficial effect of CsA in nephrosis may be due to the recovery of the GBM charge selectivity caused by the normalization of glomerular PAF and TNF-alpha synthesis and the increase in proteoglycan synthesis by glomerular epithelial cells.
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PMID:Cyclosporin A (CsA) modulates the glomerular production of inflammatory mediators and proteoglycans in experimental nephrosis. 853 80