Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of an oral adsorbent (AST-120) was examined in rats with daunomycin-induced chronic renal failure. Sixteen pairs of daunomycin rats which had similar levels of proteinuria at 4 weeks after being injected with daunomycin were selected. One rat of each pair served as a control and was fed on a standard diet, while the other rats were fed on a diet containing AST-120. The blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly lower in the rats fed with AST-120 than in the controls. Moreover, the life span of the rats fed with AST-120 was significantly prolonged as compared to that of the control rats. These findings suggest that oral administration of AST-120 may help to prevent rapid deterioration of renal function in experimental chronic renal failure induced by daunomycin in rats.
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PMID:Effect of an oral adsorbent (AST-120) in rats with daunomycin-induced chronic renal failure. 189 50

In the present investigation, administration of a single i.p. dose of the anticancer drug merbarone [5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid] produced an acute and reversible decrease in renal function in female but not male Fischer 344 rats. The renal lesion in female rats was biochemically characterized as a decrease in p-aminohippuric acid accumulation by renal slices along with polyuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, and enzymuria. These functional changes were accompanied by histopathologic changes of focal tubular necrosis that was confined to the deep cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. The changes in these parameters were dose-dependent and were observed at doses as low as 0.2 x MELD(10) (12 mg/kg). This low merbarone dose increased urinary glucose and protein excretion by 26- and 9-fold, respectively, in the initial 16-h urine collection in female rats. This increase was accompanied by a 2- to 15-fold increase in the excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. No significant changes in renal function were observed in male rats apart from mild enzymuria after a high dose of merbarone (36 mg/kg). The drug did not increase urea nitrogen levels in male or female rats, reflecting the focal nature of this tubular lesion. Merbarone produced small elevations in serum transaminase activities [i.e., glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT)] at doses that produced marked alterations in renal function in female rats, suggesting only mild hepatotoxicity. The present study establishes the kidney as a possible dose-limiting target organ for merbarone toxicity.
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity of 5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid in the Fischer 344 rat. 259 97

The effect of nickel on cadmium nephro-toxicity and hepato-toxicity in rats was investigated. The administration of nickel (6 mg per kg, i.p., three days) or cadmium (6 mg per kg, i.m., once) significantly enhanced the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), amino acids, and proteins. In addition, it increased the activity of serum ALP, GOT, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT). These biochemical alterations in urine and serum were used as a measure of kidney and liver damage. Cadmium-induced enzymuria, proteinuria, amino aciduria and increase in the activity of serum enzymes were significantly less marked in animals pretreated with nickel than in controls. However, the accumulation of cadmium in kidneys and liver and its urinary excretion were unaffected by nickel pretreatment. The results suggest protection by nickel against cadmium nephro- and hepato-toxicity.
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PMID:Preventive effects of nickel on cadmium hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. 647 83

Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication was diagnosed as the cause of death of 42 of 67 lactating cows in a southeast Texas dairy herd over an 11-day period. By necessity, the diagnosis was based on clinicopathologic findings, as the toxin could not, by standard laboratory tests, be demonstrated in affected cattle. The predominant clinical findings were hindlimb weakness/ataxia rapidly progressing to persistent recumbency. Affected cattle were alert until just before death, which occurred without notable agonal movements or respirations after 6 to 72 hours' recumbency. Abnormal laboratory findings included neutrophilic leukocytosis (all affected cattle), proteinuria (most affected cattle), slight elevations of serum aspartate transaminase and low serum inorganic phosphorus (some affected cattle), and patchy areas of hyperemia/congestion of the mucosa in the small intestine (postmortem examination of 3 affected cattle). This report confirms the findings of others with regard to the difficulty of demonstrating the causative toxin in C botulinum type D-intoxicated cattle and presents available information on the clinicopathologic features of this intoxication that may aid in the differentiation of this condition from other causes of down cows.
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PMID:Catastrophic death losses in a dairy herd attributed to type D botulism. 649 May 11

The effects of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (Chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent of urea and ammonia, were examined in rats with progressive chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by adriamycin. CRF rats induced by repeated injections of adriamycin were fed a diet containing chitosan DAC (5% content) or Kremezin (5% content), an oral charcoal adsorbent (AST-120) under strict paired-feeding for four months. CRF rats that received both a normal diet and Kremezin showed progressive azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, and anemia, and began to die from 9 weeks after feeding started. In contrast, chitosan DAC-treatment showed marked prolongation of the survival period and decreases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum phosphate. In addition, chitosan DAC-treatment ameliorated anemia in CRF rats, although hyperlipidemia and proteinuria were not improved. Furthermore, fecal weight, fecal water content, fecal nitrogen and fecal sodium were markedly increased, and the apparent protein ratio was decreased in CRF rats fed a diet containing chitosan DAC for 9 weeks. In contrast, none of these effects were observed in CRF rats receiving Kremezin. These observations suggest the further possibility of using oral adsorbent therapy for CRF patients.
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PMID:[Pharmacological properties of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent (II). Effect of chitosan DAC on rats with chronic renal failure induced by adriamycin]. 755 38

In order to examine the mechanism by which the oral carbonaceous adsorbent, AST-120 delays the appearance of glomerular sclerosis, experiments were carried out in 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 285-320 g. The rats were first subjected to 2/3, 3/4, and 4/5 nephrectomy (n = 40). The experiments were begun at 2 weeks after the surgery, and were performed over an 8-week period. Half of each group (n = 20) was administered 1 g/day of liquid AST-120, and the other half received liquid vehicle solution with pair feeding in each group. In the 2/3 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the occurrence of glomerular hypertrophy and prevented the appearance of glomerular sclerosis without any significant differences in renal function, systemic blood pressure (SBP), and urinary protein excretion (U-P). In the 3/4 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the appearance of glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis with significant decreases in SBP and U-P. In the 4/5 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the appearance of glomerular sclerosis and prevented a decrease in renal function. It is concluded that administration of the oral adsorbent AST-120 delays the occurrence of glomerular sclerosis by delaying the appearance of glomerular hypertrophy, systemic hypertension, and the increase in proteinuria. It can be therefore mentioned that the accumulating substances in the digestive tract worsen the abnormal milieu of chronic renal failure.
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PMID:Correction by oral adsorbent of abnormal digestive tract milieu in rats with chronic renal failure. 756 81

Gemcitabine (GEM) is a novel deoxycytidine analogue which has shown promising antitumor activity in solid tumor models and a broad range of schedule-dependent MTDs (12-4560 mg/m2) in preliminary clinical studies. The present phase I trial evaluated escalating doses of weekly GEM using a 30-min infusion at a starting dose-level of 300 mg/m2/wk x 3 every 28 days. At least 3 patients entered each dose-level step and 3 more cases were treated when significant toxicity was seen. A total of 39 patients with various advanced solid tumors and prior chemotherapy entered this study. Six escalation steps (102 courses) were tested to define the MTD at 1,370 mg/m2/wk. No definite dose-effect relationships were observed for myelosuppression up to 1,095 mg/m2/wk. However, increased severity of leucopenia (dose-limiting) and greater non-hematologic toxicity as well as a higher number of toxic treatment delays, requiring subsequent dose attenuation in 6 out of 12 patients, were observed at 1,370 mg/m2/wk. In all, 6 out of 11 patients experiencing WHO grade > or = 3 toxicity (11/21 events recorded in 11/18 courses) were treated at the MTD. Clinically significant toxicity included (patients with WHO grade 2-3): leucopenia (44%), thrombocytopenia (26%), anemia (23%), fever (69%), emesis (38%) and AST/ALT rise (26%). Mild proteinuria, ankle edema, skin rash, hair loss and mucositis were seen in < or = 5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Weekly gemcitabine in advanced or metastatic solid tumors. A clinical phase I study. 786 Feb 27

Possible risk factors associated with mortality were studied in a community using data derived from annual mass health examinations for the aged mandated by law. A total of 1,804 adults (685 men and 1,119 women) aged 40 or older in A-town, located on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan who had participated in annual health examinations at least once between 1984 and 1990, were followed for a mean period of 4.9 years. After adjustment for age using Cox proportional hazards models, in men liver dysfunction (aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l or alanine aminotransferase > 35 U/l), fasting blood glucose > or = 110 mg/dl and glucosuria, and in women serum creatinine > or = 1.2 mg/dl, fasting blood glucose > or = 110 mg/dl and proteinuria were found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of total mortality. In multivariate analysis using all independent variables that were significantly associated with mortality in age-adjusted bivariate analysis, in men liver dysfunction and hyperglycemia, and in women hypercreatininemia and hyperglycemia, were significant predictors of mortality. These independent variables remained significant or marginally significant predictors of total mortality even after excluding the effects of 3 pancreatic cancer cases with liver dysfunction or hyperglycemia or 12 deaths within the first year of follow-up, being associated with at least two-fold increased hazard rate ratios. From these results, it is recommended that persons with these risk factors be followed intensively and counseled by public health personnel to modify risk factors.
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PMID:[Results of annual health examination for the aged provided by the law that are predictive of increased mortality risk]. 787 66

The experience with single-agent gemcitabine in advanced or metastatic breast cancer is reviewed. In all studies, gemcitabine was administered as a 30 min intravenous infusion in cycles once a week for 3 weeks followed by 1 week of rest. In the first European study (gemcitabine 800 mg/m2/week), of 40 evaluable patients, 14 were chemo-naive, 7 had received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 19 had received chemotherapy for metastatic disease. There were 3 complete responders and 7 partial responders (all independently validated by an external Oncology Review Board) for an overall response rate of 25.0% (95% CI: 12.7%-41.2%). The median time to declaration of response was 1.9 months and the median duration of survival for all 40 efficacy-evaluable patients was 11.5 months. Haematological and non-haematological toxicities were particularly mild. WHO grade 3 and 4 toxicities included leukopenia (6.8% and 2.3% of patients), neutropenia (23.3% and 7.0%), AST (6.8% and 2.3%), ALT (18.2% and 0%), infection (0% and 2.3%), nausea and vomiting (25.0% and 2.3%), alopecia (2.3% and 0%). There was no grade 3 or 4 creatinine, proteinuria or haematuria. In the smaller US study (18 evaluable patients, all but one having received prior chemotherapy for stage IV disease) there were no responders. However, the mean dose delivered was very low (577 mg/m2/injection). In an ongoing European trial, with a starting dose of 1000 mg/m2, a number of partial responders have been seen in soft tissue, lung and liver. Gemcitabine's modest toxicity profile and single-agent activity make it an attractive candidate for trial in combination therapy in advanced breast cancer where treatment is currently given to palliate symptoms and improve quality of life.
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PMID:Gemcitabine in advanced breast cancer. 871 26

Acute glomerulonephritis is a distinct clinical entity, more frequently found in younger age. We report 69 patients with AcGN (25 female and 44 male) mean age 26 years (range 15-58). The disease is clinically characterized with hypertension (57%), edema (59%) and oliguria (35%). Urine analysis showed microhaematuria/proteinuria (36%) and micro/macrohaematuria alone in 89%, while azothaemia was observed in 16% pts, and decreased serum complement levels in one third of patients, more often decrease of C3 (33%) than C4 (15%). Initial infection of the upper respiratory tract was seen in 65%, pneumonia in 8%. In 25% of pts. there were no data of previous infection. Cultures of pharyngeal smear revealed. Streptococcus only in 2 pts. Elevated AST titer was found in 32% pts. Eleven kidney biopsies were made, and histological examination showed 2 normal findings, 6 mesangioproliferative GH, 2 endocapillary GN and 1 membranoproliferative GN. Follow ups have showed urinary abnormalities in 25% of pts., without developing renal failure.
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PMID:[Clinical and morphologic features in patients with acute nephritis syndrome]. 910 32


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