Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess whether urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) could be used as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy, renal tubular enzymes such as NAG and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP), albumin, total protein and beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) in urine and/or serum were measured in various stages of diabetic nephropathy. As a predictor of diabetic nephropathy, urinary NAG was the most useful indicator among of them. Urinary gamma GTP had no clinical benefit on early detection of diabetic nephropathy although in cis-platin induced nephrotoxicity both urinary gamma GTP and NAG increased in parallel. Increase of urinary NAG appeared in diabetic patients prior to clinical proteinuria. With appearance of proteinuria, urinary NAG more increased. Urinary NAG correlated significantly with HbAlc and BMG in serum (sBMG). It is therefore needed for clinical application of urinary NAG as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy that control states of blood glucose in the patients should be considered. However, the results of sequential measurements of urinary NAG, sBMG and HbAlc in 78 diabetic patients for 18-month period showed that only urinary NAG was a responsible factor for elevation of sBMG known as an indicator of deterioration of renal function. These results indicate that renal tubular damage may already exist in early-stage of diabetic nephropathy, and that increase of urinary NAG activity is a useful predictor of diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase on prediction of diabetic nephropathy]. 135 Jul 71

Dose- and time-related effects of Cd (II) (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, Cd as CdCl2.H2O, subcutaneously, daily for 48 h, 1, 3, or 6 wk) were investigated in rats. A dose-related increase in the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) was evident only at 6 wk, whereas an early rise in ALP and LDH was seen at 3 wk in 1.0 mg Cd group only. The hepatic and renal metallothionein (MT) induction displayed a dose- as well as time-related increase with Cd accumulation. A significant increase in hepatic Zn and renal Cu, no change in hepatic Cu, and a slight increase in renal Zn was observed. Urinary ALP and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) showed an initial increase at 48 h, thereafter returned to near normal. A second phase of enzymuria (ALP, LAP, GOT, GPT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), proteinuria, and aminoaciduria occurred at 6 wk in a dose-related manner. The urinary excretion of specific renal enzymes appeared closely related to the MT induction and organ Cd levels.
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PMID:Biochemical response to cadmium. Dose-time effect. 171 72

Male rats are more sensitive to the nephrocarcinogenic effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) than are female rats. The purpose of this study was to shed light on this phenomenon by investigating mechanisms of subchronic nephrotoxicity of HCB. Groups of rats were administered HCB in corn oil (po) at 100 mg/kg, 5 days per week for 15 days or at 50 mg/kg, 5 days per week for 50 days. Urine was collected on Days 1, 8, and 15 for the 15-day treatment and on Day 50 for the 50-day treatment. Glucosuria, proteinuria, and enzymuria (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) were measured to assess renal function. Twenty-four hours after the last HCB treatment, the animals were killed and kidneys were removed for histopathological evaluation. Urine analyses showed no indication of renal dysfunction in treated animals compared to controls during the 15-day treatment. However, histology of male rat kidneys revealed degenerative and regenerative cellular foci accompanied by an increased accumulation of protein droplets in epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. The same histological observations were also made in male rats after a 50-day HCB treatment but this time they were accompanied by renal function alterations. In female rats, no such renal functional or histological alterations were observed. The histopathological observations in male rats correspond well with the protein droplet nephropathy; the latter is characteristic of the accumulation in kidney cells of alpha 2u-globulin probably caused by the reversible binding of a chemical to alpha 2u that renders the protein indigestible to kidney proteases. alpha 2u-Globulin was measured in the cytosol of male rats and was found to be increased 11-fold compared to controls. Also, HCB was found to be bound reversibly to alpha 2u. These results suggest that HCB induces a male rat specific nephropathy that could explain the higher incidence of kidney tumors in male rats compared to female rats.
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PMID:Male rat specific nephrotoxicity resulting from subchronic administration of hexachlorobenzene. 171 83

The hyperexcretion of urinary enzymes with systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) was assayed. 31 patients with confirmed SLE (30 women, and 1 man, age 16-33 years) were studied. Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of kidney damage: 21 patients with proteinuria, and 10 patients without proteinuria. 12 patients of the first group had nephrotic syndrome (NS). 30 practically healthy subjects served as a control group. In patients with Lupus-nephritis (LN) the increase of activities of urinary GGT, AP, BGRS, NAG, and CHE was observed, the increase was especially clearly shown in LN-patients with NS. The increase of activity of urinary GGT and NAG was shown in the group of SLE patients who did not have clinical and laboratory signs of LN, which can be used as early index for the damage of tubular epithelium.
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PMID:The significance of the assays of urinary enzymes activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. 198 35

In order to detect even subclinical hints of nephrotoxicity after application of carboplatin, sensitive non-invasive methods, e.g. determination of urinary enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase), glomerular and tubular protein excretion (albumin, alpha-1-microglobulin) and determination of the creatinine clearance, were used. Eighteen patients with small-cell lung cancer entered the study. All patients were treated with the three-drug combination chemotherapy: vincristine (1.5 mg i.v. on days 1, 8, 15, 22), etopside (escalating doses: 100-160 mg/m2 on days 1-3) and carboplatin (300 mg/m2 day 1). Investigations were made during the first, third and fifth treatment cycles. Deterioration of renal function occurred in 4 out of 18 patients in all three observed treatment courses. Abnormal amounts in the excretion of at least one of four urinary enzymes were found in 6 out of 18 patients during the first cycle and in 4 out of 8 patients during the third and fifth cycles. All patients with pathological enzymuria during the first treatment course also developed an increased enzymuria during cycles 3 and 5. Four patients developed pathological proteinuria during the first and 2 patients during the third and fifth cycles. These findings demonstrate that the new platinum analogue, carboplatin, is capable of inducing renal damage. In comparison with cisplatinum, the nephrotoxicity of this new analogue is reduced but not completely eliminated.
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PMID:Investigations on the acute and chronic nephrotoxicity of the new platinum analogue carboplatin. 218 39

A variety of tubular marker proteins, as compared to healthy controls, are excreted at an increased rate in the urine of patients with renal damage. Beside cytoplasmic glutathione-S-transferase and lysosomal beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) the majority of kidney-related urine proteins derives from membrane surface components of the most vulnerable proximal tubule epithelia, among them ala-(leu-gly)-aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), the tubular portion of angiotensinase A, the major brush border glycoprotein 'SGP-240' and adenosine-deaminase-binding protein. Urinary tissue proteins, e.g. brush border (BB) microvilli, are immunologically identical with those antigens prepared from cell membranes of the human kidney itself. BB antigens are shed into the urine of patients with glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, systemic diseases, e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus and multiple myeloma, arterial hypertension, infectious diseases (malaria, AIDS) and after operations, renal grafting and administration of X-ray contrast media, aminoglycosides or certain cytostatics (cis-platinum). Tissue proteinuria of tubular proteins is determined by enzyme-kinetic or quantitative immunological assays applying either poly- or monoclonal antikidney antibodies. Clinical, ultrastructural and histochemical studies support the idea that both 'soluble' and high-molecular-weight membrane particles (vacuolar blebs, greater than 10(6) dalton) as well as microfilamental components of the epithelial cytoskeleton contribute to tubular 'histuria' which appears as a sensitive parameter in monitoring tubular damage under clinical conditions at a very early phase.
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PMID:Urinary proteins of tubular origin: basic immunochemical and clinical aspects. 225 76

A series of blood and urine samples was collected from each of eight normal foals between birth and eight weeks. Blood chemistry relating to renal function was evaluated as well as physical and chemical characteristics of urine. During the first 4d of life it was impractical to suggest meaningful normal values due to wide variation among foals and with time. Serum urea and plasma creatinine fell markedly to levels less than those previously reported for normal adult horses, while urine, mildly hypersthenuric at birth, rapidly became hyposthenuric. There was also a marked proteinuria during the first 48h. After 4d clinicopathological values stabilised. Urea and creatinine remained at subadult levels and hyposthenuria was maintained. While there was some variation with time, generally the urinary activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) was greater in foals than in adults; plasma potassium, the creatinine clearance ratio of potassium (% Cr K), serum inorganic phosphate and the creatinine clearance ratio of phosphate (% Cr PO4) were greater than in adults while plasma chloride and the creatinine clearance ratio of chloride (% Cr Cl) were lower in foals than in adults. Urinary pH was acidic and epithelial cells and calcium oxalate crystals more prevalent in the urine of foals than in that of adults. The information presented here will be useful in the diagnosis and management of renal disease and azotaemia in foals.
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PMID:Indices of renal function: values in eight normal foals from birth to 56 days. 239 72

Renal toxicity of non-ionic contrast medium (iohexol) for drip infused pyelography (DIP) was studied in a randomized trial of nine patients with normal renal function. Urine samples were collected before and immediately after DIP, and analyzed for albumin, an index of glomerular permeability; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), a brush-border enzyme; N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), a lysosomal enzyme; alpha 1 microglobulin (alpha 1MG) and beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2MG), an index to tubular proteinuria; and creatinine. The urinary excretion of enzymes and proteins was compared with urinary creatinine. Urinary excretion of gamma-GTP and NAG increased significantly (P less than 0.001, 0.02) after DIP. Urinary alpha 1 MG and beta 2-MG did not change significantly. The change of urinary albumin was mild. Our data suggest that non-ionic, low osmolal radiocontrast medium ioheol shows a lower renal tubular toxicity, and the brush-border enzyme gamma-GTP and lysosomal enzyme NAG are considered as a good index for renal tubular damage.
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PMID:[Study on urinary splitting enzymes and proteins. III. Effect of non-ionic contrast medium on renal function]. 256 70

In the present investigation, administration of a single i.p. dose of the anticancer drug merbarone [5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid] produced an acute and reversible decrease in renal function in female but not male Fischer 344 rats. The renal lesion in female rats was biochemically characterized as a decrease in p-aminohippuric acid accumulation by renal slices along with polyuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, and enzymuria. These functional changes were accompanied by histopathologic changes of focal tubular necrosis that was confined to the deep cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. The changes in these parameters were dose-dependent and were observed at doses as low as 0.2 x MELD(10) (12 mg/kg). This low merbarone dose increased urinary glucose and protein excretion by 26- and 9-fold, respectively, in the initial 16-h urine collection in female rats. This increase was accompanied by a 2- to 15-fold increase in the excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. No significant changes in renal function were observed in male rats apart from mild enzymuria after a high dose of merbarone (36 mg/kg). The drug did not increase urea nitrogen levels in male or female rats, reflecting the focal nature of this tubular lesion. Merbarone produced small elevations in serum transaminase activities [i.e., glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT)] at doses that produced marked alterations in renal function in female rats, suggesting only mild hepatotoxicity. The present study establishes the kidney as a possible dose-limiting target organ for merbarone toxicity.
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity of 5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid in the Fischer 344 rat. 259 97

The excretion profiles of the following marker proteins of glomerular and tubular origin were studied in patients suffering from chronic renal disease (GN, N = 36, GFR: 8 to 120 ml/min/1.73 m2): angiotensinase A (ATA), a glomerular endothelial glycoprotein, tubular ala(-leu-gly)-amino-peptidase-M (APM), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and the major brush border surface glycoprotein (SGP-antigen) of 240 kD. In addition, urinary excretion of proteins from kidney tissue and serum from 30 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (RCDT) were analyzed. Compared to the controls, ATA, APM and GGT activities were significantly higher in urine specimens of patients with GFR greater than 25 ml/min, whereas the urinary APM, GGT and SGP concentrations were decreased, and correlated with the GFR. Urinary GGT activity was negatively correlated with ATA activity but positively correlated with the decrease in GFR. Urine ATA activity of RCDT patients was higher compared to normal controls (2P = 0.001). Urinary excretion of serum proteins of RCDT patients, as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, disclosed heavy tubular proteinuria, indicating predominant tubular rather than glomerular alterations in handling of proteins. Histochemical evaluation of kidney sections from RCDT patients revealed clusters of hypertrophic nephrons with increased glomerular and tubular concentration of immunoreactive membrane proteins. However, there was a general decrease in renal cell-marker concentrations as observed by quantitative image analyses. These results indicate that renal injury is associated with a modulation in the synthesis of tubular and glomerular cell markers.
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PMID:Glomerular and tubular membrane antigens reflecting cellular adaptation in human renal failure. 263 72


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