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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this solid-phase competitive enzymoimmunoassay for albumin in human urine, antiserum to human serum albumin labeled with horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) is incubated with solid-phase-bound human serum albumin in the presence of sample or standard. Results obtained correlate well (r = 0.96) with those of an established fluoroimmunoassay. The present assay covers the range 0.9 to 200 mg/L and can be performed within 1 h. These characteristics, together with the simplicity of the assay protocol, make it very useful for monitoring low concentrations of albumin in urine. Detection of such minimal albuminuria allows initiation of therapy that may prevent development of clinical proteinuria and associated diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Rapid, competitive enzymoimmunoassay for albumin in urine. 351 93

A new immunoblotting method is described for the detection of Bence Jones proteinuria by the routine laboratory. Unconcentrated urine specimens are subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gels. Separated proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and the immunoglobulins located and identified by horseradish-peroxidase double-antibody staining. The new method has been compared with that used routinely, and an improved rate of detection of both Bence Jones protein and intact urinary monoclonal immunoglobulin has been obtained. Among urine specimens received for routine testing for Bence Jones protein from 83 patients, 64 monoclonal components were found by the new technique compared with 45 by the method used routinely. Other advantages of the new procedure include: no need to concentrate urine specimens before electrophoresis; unlike immunofixation, the proteins may be detected successfully over a wide concentration range without using several specimen or antibody dilutions; and interpretation is easier.
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PMID:Bence Jones protein detection: a rapid immunoblotting technique for routine use on unconcentrated urine. 376 95

Female Munich-Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections either of bovine serum albumin to induce proteinuria or of water as a control. Their kidneys were fixed in situ. An ultrastructural technique was used to demonstrate IgG antiperoxidase antibodies either injected from a heterologous species or autologous, induced by immunization with horseradish peroxidase. Photometry of electron micrographic negative was used to determine the distribution of antiperoxidase antibodies. In glomeruli of control animals IgG was present in the basement membrane. There were three sites at which the passage of IgG across the basement membrane was hindered: between blood plasma and the lamina rara interna, between the lamina densa and the lamina rara externa, and between the lamina rara externa and the urinary space. Glomeruli of proteinuric animals were variable in appearance, some showing little structural damage and others showing marked changes with loss of epithelial foot processes and accumulation of vacuoles and protein droplets in epithelial cells. Both types of glomeruli contained IgG in the urinary space. The distribution of IgG in the basement membrane of both types was similar. Compared with control animals there was less IgG in the basement membrane and IgG was distributed uniformly across the basement membrane. The proteinuria in hyperalbuminaemia (protein-overload) is associated with a diffuse change in the barrier function of the glomerular basement membrane to IgG which is, at least in the initial stages, not related to structural changes in glomerular epithelial cells.
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PMID:The glomerular ultrastructural distribution of immunoglobulin G in hyperalbuminaemic (protein-overload) proteinuria. 388 57

Alterations in glomerular permeability were studied in Adriamycin-induced proteinuria in rats by measuring fractional clearances (C/GFR) of uncharged labeled dextrans of varying molecular radii (ae) and of anionic, native, and cationic horseradish peroxidases (HRP) in experimental and control animals. Experimental animals were studied between days 14 and 55 after a single intravenous dose of Adriamycin (doxorubicin), 7.5 mg/kg. Mean proteinuria in the experimental animals was 98 mg/24 hr. Glomerular morphology showed few changes except for epithelial cell swelling, vacuolization, and foot process obliteration, and a significant reduction of glomerular colloidal iron staining. Polyethyleneimine staining revealed a similar distribution of anionic sites in the laminae rarae interna and externa in proteinuric rats as compared with controls. Inulin clearances revealed reduction in GFR and RPF of 20 and 15%, respectively. Dextran C/GFR values showed in experimental animals a size defect for molecules with an ae exceeding 40 A, with a four- to fivefold increase over the values found in control animals for dextrans with ae of 58 and 60 A. The peroxidase clearances showed a slight increase in C/GFR of anionic HRP in experimental animals, as could be expected on the basis of the sieving defect, whereas the C/GFR values for native and cationic HRP were virtually unchanged, indicating an intact functional charge barrier in the proteinuric animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glomerular permeability and polyanion in adriamycin nephrosis in the rat. 619 86

Circulating anti-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) IgG antibodies were used in the rat to study the glomerular leakage of proteins in glomerulonephritis (GN) induced by aminonucleoside (AN) and in glomerulonephritis induced by mercuric chloride to produce anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies. In ANGN, autologous albumin and fibrinogen were also detected by immunoperoxidase techniques. In both types of GN, the proteins studied were observed in the glomerular urinary space and proximal tubular cells. No channels were visible in the lamina densa. No accumulation of proteins was seen under the epithelial slits that were not closed. In ANGN, accumulation of proteins was observed in the subepithelial space where the podocytes act as a barrier (closed slits, subepithelial blind pockets, areas covered by broad sheets of cytoplasm), but no accumulation was seen in the lamina rara externa under normal or enlarged slits and areas of large epithelial cytoplasm detachment. Statistical analysis showed that in ANGN, at the time of maximal proteinuria, the number of "micropinocytotic" vesicles in the GBM-embedded part of podocytes was not increased as compared with controls. Such vesicles were not labeled. We conclude that in both types of GN, the permeability of the GBM is diffusely increased and that the plasma proteins pass into the urinary space via an extracellular pathway.
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PMID:Immunoenzymatic study of the protein pathway through the glomerular barrier in rat glomerulonephritides. 645 1

The renal distribution of autologous and heterologous albumin and IgG was studied by electron microscopy using peroxidase-labeled conjugates in rats with Heymann nephritis. In addition, the renal distribution of autologous and heterologous antiperoxidase IgG and their F(ab')2 and Fab fragments was detected using peroxidase alone. All of these proteins crossed the glomerular lamina densa and passed into the urinary space by an extracellular pathway through the epithelial slits and the sites of epithelial detachment. The proteins were trapped in subepithelial immune deposits irrespective of the degree of proteinuria and regardless of the molecular weight, the autologous or heterologous origin, and the electric charges of the protein studied. The trapping was transient and easily reversed. These findings suggest that circulating proteins are able to modify the composition of immune deposits, thereby altering the course of immune complex disease.
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PMID:Trapping of circulating proteins in immune deposits of Heymann nephritis. 646 Aug 97

The amount and distribution of the glycoprotein laminin was investigated in the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) of rats made nephrotic by 10 daily subcutaneous injections of the aminonucleoside of puromycin (AMN). Affinity-purified, sheep antilaminin immunoglobulin G (S alpha L) was injected intravenously into AMN rats, and kidney-bound S alpha L was compared with normals. Photometric measurements of glomerular-bound S alpha L showed that intravenous injections of 1.5 mg of S alpha L saturated laminin in normal glomeruli. The same amount of glomerular S alpha L was present in 10-day AMN nephrotic rats after injection of a saturating dose. In nephrotic rats, approximately 4.4% of a dose of 0.1 to 0.9 mg of 125I-S alpha L bound in the kidneys as compared with approximately 3.8% in normals. By immunofluorescence microscopy, S alpha L bound in a linear pattern to the GBM in nephrotic and normal rats and remained similarly bound throughout all stages of nephrosis. Conjugates of S alpha L and horseradish peroxidase (S alpha L-HRP) injected into normal and 10-day nephrotic rats bound to all three layers of the GBM, to fibrillar structures within the laminae rarae, and to the plasma membranes of epithelial cells below the slit diaphragms. In nephrotic rats, S alpha L-HRP was also bound to the epithelial plasma membrane where it had detached from the GBM. Rats given S alpha L before the induction of AMN nephrosis (S alpha L-AMN) developed significantly greater proteinuria on day 10 than rats given AMN alone (372 versus 274 mg/24 hours, p less than 0.05) and on day 12 (603 versus 453 mg/24 hours, p less than 0.05). In addition, there was greater epithelial detachment from the GBM in S alpha L-AMN rats than simple AMN rats. We conclude that (a) large amounts of laminin are neither lost nor redistributed during AMN nephrosis, (b) laminin is present as fibrils within the GBM as well as on the epithelial plasma membrane adjoining the GBM, and (c) GBM-bound S alpha L promotes proteinuria during late stages of AMN nephrosis, possibly by enhancing epithelial detachment.
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PMID:Laminin in glomerular basement membranes of aminonucleoside nephrotic rats. Increased proteinuria induced by antilaminin immunoglobulin G. 686 29

Antibodies against laminin, which is a defined glycoprotein of basement membranes, were produced in sheep and affinity purified by immunoadsorption on laminin-Sepharose (S alpha L). When injected intravenously into rats, S alpha L rapidly bound in a linear pattern to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the peripheral and mesangial regions of all glomeruli, and, when greater than 0.5 mg S alpha L was injected, to some tubular BM as well. 1-2 h after the injection of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and S alpha L, HRP reaction product was present throughout the full thickness of the GBM and mesangial matrix. [125I]S alpha L binding to the kidney in vivo increased linearly over the dose range of 40-950 micrograms of IgG and accounted for approximately 2% of the injected dose/g kidney. When 4 mg of [125I]S alpha L was injected, 1.5% or 62 micrograms/g kidney was bound. Proteinuria did not develop within 7 wk of injection in rats that received 0.5-1.6 mg of S alpha L. In contrast, all animals that received injections of 4 mg of S alpha L gradually became proteinuric within 3-6 wk. Thickening, reduplication, and flocculent subendothelial deposits were observed in the GBM of these animals. In addition, mononuclear cells adhered to the GBM and infiltrated beneath the endothelium. However, the deposition of rat C3 was infrequently observed, and rat IgG was not seen in the glomeruli of any rat that received S alpha L. 10 wk after injection, much greater amounts of S alpha L appeared within the mesangium than the peripheral GBM. These results demonstrate that the interaction of S alpha L with the GBM, possibly in concert with infiltrating mononuclear cells, gradually altered the structure and permeability characteristics of the glomerulus independent of a host anti-S alpha L humoral response.
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PMID:Proteinuria and structural alterations in rat glomerular basement membranes induced by intravenously injected anti-laminin immunoglobulin G. 708 53

The aminonucleoside of puromycin induces proteinuria and renal damage when given to rats. Aminonucleoside of puromycin was administered to male Wistar-Furth rats as a single intravenous injection in a dose of 15 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight. The animals were studied 9 days later when the mean urinary protein was 175 mg. per 24 hours. Evidence of glomerular epithelial cell injury included massive obliteration of foot processes, appearance of microvilli, protein reabsorption droplets, extreme attenuation of cytoplasm with formation of blebs, and focal detachment of epithelial cells from glomerular basement membrane. An increase in both the amount of mesangial matrix and the number of mesangial cells was also observed. The fractional clearance (C/GFR) of anionic horseradish peroxidase had increased 18.5 times as compared to control values and was nearly equal to the C/GFR of neutral horseradish peroxidase in the experimental rats. The C/GFR of cationic horseradish peroxidase was decreased by one-third so that it approximated the C/GFRs of both anionic and neutral horseradish peroxidase. These findings indicate a nearly complete loss of the charge-selective barrier to filtration. In addition, C/GFRs of tritiated uncharged dextrans with a range of molecular radii from 18 to 58 Angstrom (A) were determined. The C/GFRs of dextrans (alpha e less than 30 A) were decreased in the experimental rats as compared to C/GFRs of dextrans of corresponding molecular size in control rats. However, the C/GFRs of dextrans (alpha e greater than 38A) were increased in experimental as compared to control rats. Further, both anionic and cationic ferritin (alpha e = 61 A) were observed in the urinary space near denuded areas of glomerular basement membrane. These results indicate that the size-selective properties of the glomerular barrier to filtration have been modified with decreased C/GFR of small molecules and increased C/GFR of large molecules. Thus, the proteinuria of aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats occurs secondary to alterations in both the charge- and size-selective barriers to glomerular filtration.
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PMID:Alterations in the charge and size selectivity barrier of the glomerular filter in aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats. 746 51

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis has been recently recognized in Graves' disease patients treated with propylthiouracil. We have experienced three adult cases of Graves' disease with main features being renal derangements. All three patients, who were between the ages of 22 and 82 years, had been treated with propylthiouracil for 2 to 5 years after a diagnosis of Graves' disease. After several weeks of upper respiratory tract infection or flu-like symptoms, they abruptly began to manifest proteinuria and hematuria concomitant with severe anemia. Their serum creatinine increased from normal levels to 1.2 to 3.6 mg/dL. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis without deposition of immune complexes (ie, pauci-immune type). Crescent formations were observed in 40% to 60% of the glomeruli in all three cases. The serum from the patients revealed positive perinuclear-ANCA and negative cytoplasmic-ANCA (C-ANCA) pattern, and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA titers were 120 to 502 ELISA Units/mL (normal, < 10 ELISA Units/mL). A withdrawal of propylthiouracil with or without immunosuppressive therapy ameliorated their renal derangements. Graves' disease patients should be placed under vigilant observation by monitoring their urinalysis and serum creatinine, especially when being treated with antithyroid drugs and when suffering from flu-like symptoms.
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PMID:Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis complicating the course of Graves' disease: report of three adult cases. 748 30


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