Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A radial immunodiffusion technique has been used to measure levels of four serum proteins in preeclampsia with or without proteinuria and in normal pregnant and non-pregnant controls. In preeclampsia unaccompanied by proteinuria, albumin and transferrin levels are similar to those found in the normal pregnant controls, but there are significant falls in alpha(2)-macroglobulin and IgG. When preeclampsia is accompanied by proteinuria there is a marked fall in albumin and an increase in alpha(2)-macroglobulin. Since alpha(2)-macroglobulin has antiplasmin activity it is possible that increased levels of this protein in preeclampsia accompanied by proteinuria contribute to the intravascular coagulation which has been described in this disorder.
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PMID:Serum-alpha2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin, and IgG levels in preeclampsia. 499 Oct

Serum levels, urinary excretion, and clearances of several proteins of different molecular weights were studied in 18 patients with mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia. Nine patients had normal renal function (group A) and nine had impaired renal function with azotemia (group B). The majority of patients in both groups had increased concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, IgA, and IgM; IgD level was normal. Serum transferrin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin were frequently reduced while the level of ceruloplasmin was often increased, especially in patients with azotemia. The activity of lysozyme in the serum was high in all patients, but was considerably higher in group B. Proteinuria was found in most patients but was more prominent in group B. Almost invariably albumin constituted less than 25% of the total protein excreted. Qualitative analysis of various urinary proteins by immunochemical techniques and clearance studies suggested the presence of glomerular as well as tubular dysfunction. Determination of urinary lysozyme frequently showed no direct correlation between the serum level of the enzyme and its concentration in the urine or its clearance by the kidney. In addition to glomerular filtration, impaired tubular reabsorption may account for the high level of lysozyme in the urine. It is postulated that the very high level of lysozyme in the glomerular filtrate and possibly hypergammaglobulinemia may play a role in the induction of tubular damage. Renal impairment has been correlated with histological changes in the kidneys. From a comparative study of various leukemias, it seems that the combined glomerular-tubular dysfunction is a manifestation unique to mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia.
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PMID:Serum and urinary proteins, lysozyme (muramidase), and renal dysfunction in mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia. 527 Sep 14

To critically evaluate the clinical utility of determining specific proteins in patients with extensive proteinuria, we used immunonephelometric methods to measure albumin, transferrin, IgG, and alpha 2-macroglobulin in serum and in 24-h urine specimens from 37 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy demonstrated minimal change disease (I) in 15, focal glomerulosclerosis (II) in 15, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (III) in seven patients. A three-group nonparametric rank test and three-group discriminant function analysis of the protein excretion and clearances of the four proteins we measured revealed significant differences in the excretion of IgG and the clearance of alpha 2-macroglobulin among the three groups of patients (p less than 0.05). Only patients with III had low serum complement C3 concentrations. Patients with I or II were best discriminated by differences in the excretion of transferrin and IgG, the clearance of alpha 2-macroglobulin, and the selectivity index (the clearance ratio of IgG/transferrin). These data indicate that measurement of specific urinary proteins and selectivity determinations may be helpful in predicting the type of histopathology and the prognosis of nephrotic children who have normal complement concentrations.
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PMID:Protein clearances and selectivity determinations in childhood nephrosis: a reappraisal. 616 14

The relationship of early retinal changes and subclinical proteinuria to duration and metabolic regulation of insulin-dependent diabetes was studied in 67 children. Retinopathy was found in 25 patients and occurred almost exclusively (96%) in those with duration of disease longer than five years. Glomerular filtration rate was normal or increased in all patients. Urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, albumin, transferrin, and IgG was significantly increased in patients, as compared with controls, whereas serum concentrations of these proteins were generally normal. The mechanisms responsible for the hyperexcretion of both large and small proteins are unclear but probably involve both glomerular and tubular dysfunction. Increased urinary protein excretion occurred independently of duration of disease. Retinopathy but not microproteinuria was more common in patients with glycosylated hemoglobin greater than 11% and in those with duration of disease longer than five years. Although a significant association was found between retinopathy and the hyperexcretion of one or more of the large molecular weight proteins, the weight of the evidence suggests that these two sequelae of diabetes differ in their pathogenesis. Long-term follow-up of these patients may provide insight as to their risk of developing more serious retinopathy or nephropathy, and whether good glycemic control may protect against these complications of insulin-dependent diabetes.
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PMID:Proteinuria in children with insulin-dependent diabetes: relationship to duration of disease, metabolic control, and retinal changes. 634 30

Twenty-one protein components were measured in urine specimens from 12 subjects with postural proteinuria in the recumbent posture and after a period of upright lordotic posture. The lordotic posture produced an increased urinary excretion of total protein and 19 protein components, particularly of albumin, IgG globulin, and transferrin (128, 68, and 167-fold, respectively). However, 90 min after the lordotic posture, most of the protein components returned to initial values, whereas albumin, IgG globulin, and transferrin remained high. beta 2-Microglobulin, retinol binding protein, and lysozyme showed the smallest increases after the lordotic posture. These findings suggest that proteinuria occurring after the lordotic posture may be characterized by an increased glomerular permeability.
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PMID:Quantitative determination of urinary protein components of children with postural proteinuria. 635 21

Cadmium has been shown to manifest its toxicity in human and animals by mainly accumulating in almost all of the organs and kidney is the main target organ where it is concentrated mainly in cortex. Environmental exposure of cadmium occurs via food, occupational industries, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. At molecular level, cadmium interferes with the utilization of essential metals e.g. Ca, Zn, Se, Cr and Fe and deficiencies of these essential metals including protein and vitamins, exaggerate cadmium toxicity, due to its increased absorption through the gut and greater retention in different organs as metallothionein (Cd-Mt). Cadmium transport, across the intestinal and renal brush border membrane vesicles, is carrier mediated and it competes with zinc and calcium. It has been postulated that cadmium shares the same transport system. Cadmium inhibits protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and drug metabolizing enzymes in liver of animals. Chronic environmental exposure of cadmium produces hypertension in experimental animals. Functional changes accompanying cadmium nephropathy include low molecular weight proteinuria which is of tubular origin associated with excess excretion of proteins such as beta 2 microglobulin, metallothionein and high molecular weight proteinuria of glomerular origin (excretion of proteins such as albumin IgG, transferrin etc.). Recent data has shown that metallothionein is more nephrotoxic to animals. Cadmium is also toxic to central nervous system. It causes an alterations of cellular functions in lungs. Cadmium affects both humoral and cell mediated immune response in animals. Cadmium induces metallothionein in liver and kidney but under certain nutritional deficiencies like protein-calorie malnutrition and calcium deficiency, enhanced induction and greater accumulation of cadmium metallothionein has been observed.
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PMID:Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity. 638 35

The presence of circulating immune complexes and the correlation between the amount of immune complexes and glomerular proteinuria was studied in 20 patients with urothelial bladder tumors followed by cystoscopies for 6-18 months. Circulating immune complexes, measured by the PEG-CC, PICRIA and C1q-ELISA assays, occurred more frequently in cases with residual or recurrent tumors than without tumors, and most frequently in cases with large tumors and a high grade of malignancy. Glomerular proteinuria, defined as the increased relative clearance of albumin, transferrin and haptoglobin, occurred in almost all cases with increased immune complex concentrations. Both glomerular proteinuria and the severity of proteinuria was significantly related to the immune complex concentration.
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PMID:Association of circulating immune complexes with glomerular proteinuria in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. 647 99

Protein analysis was performed on the urine of 62 pregnant women with the use of a nephelometric technique. Thirty-seven women were classified as having mild or severe pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or chronic hypertension. The protein analysis was performed on urine samples obtained prior to delivery and was compared to the degree of proteinuria as determined by the dipstick technique. The degree of immunoglobulinuria increases with increasing severity of pregnancy-induced hypertension while the urine concentration of albumin and transferrin becomes nondetectable. The urinary protein profile appears to be extremely sensitive and accurate in predicting severity of disease.
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PMID:Nephelometric urinary protein profile as an index of renal involvement in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 668 37

The phenotypes of the haptoglobin (Hp), ceruloplasmin (Cp), group-specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), and third component of complement (C3) were determined simultaneously in the serum and urine of patients with proteinuria secondary to nephrotic syndrome of various types. In a large number of cases the patterns of Hp, Cp, and C3 phenotypes in the urine showed marked deviations from those in the corresponding serum either in the mobility or the number of their electrophoretic bands. The monomeric Hp and the Cp were found to have a very augmented urine/serum ration in some cases. Such differences were not detected in the electrophoretic appearance of the Gc and Tf phenotypes. Our results imply that in the proteinuria of the nephrotic syndrome, factors other than molecular weight interfere in the passage of proteins through the glomerular wall.
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PMID:A simultaneous study of the polymorphism of five proteins in the serum and the urine of nephrotic patients. 668 59

The simplification of the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells is the structural hallmark of proteinuria in nephrotic man and animals. The increased shear force in a filtrate funnelled within the lamina densa to simplified slit pores may decrease the friction of macromolecules which are prolate ellipsoids (cigar-shaped). The permeability of rigid long narrow proteins such as albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulin G may selectively increase when the slit pore is converted from a wide serpentine to a straight narrow space.
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PMID:Permselectivity: relation between foot process simplification and macromolecular configuration. 673 52


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