Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In unconcentrated specimens measurements have been made of total proteins, by DOETSCH gel-filtration method, and of albumin, transferrin and of alpha-2-macroglobulin, by LAURELL electroimmunodiffusion technique. The results confirm that the gel-filtration method provides specific, reliable measurement of proteins in amount as little as 50 mg/1. The proteinuria of 21 samples of urine has been determined by the DOETSCH method and by the biuret method after protein precipitation by perchloric, trichloracetic and phosphotungstic acid. Only the use of phosphotungstic acid as precipitant provides a good correlation of results between the biuret method and the direct gel-filtration-biuret method. LAURELL electroimmunodiffusion technique was improved to allow the determination of 5 mg/1 of albumin, and transferrin, and of 1 mg/1 of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The AA. emphasize the advantages of using sensitive methods which do not require the preliminary concentration of the sample, for the analysis of urinary proteins.
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PMID:[Determination of urinary total proteins and some protein fractions]. 5 Jun 9

We evaluated the use of immunonephelometric methods for measuring specific urinary proteins. Using a nephelometer to detect light scattering (angle, 31 degrees), we measured some proteins immunonephelometrically in serum and aliquots of 24-h urines from 50 apparently healthy children, ages 2-17 years. The mean urinary excretion rate (mg/24h) and the range of values was: for albumin 5.5 (range, 0-13.3), for transferrin 0.5 (0-1.9, for IgG 3.3 0-12), and for alpha 2-macroglobulin 0.6 (0-2.3). Direct comparison of the values for pathological urines with those for a reference population may offer more meaningful information concerning the integrity of the glomerular basement membrane than is provided by protein selectivity indices, and measuring a plasma protein such as albumin in urine may better define pathological proteinuria.
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PMID:New approach to evaluation of proteinuric states. 6 6

Considerable deviations, qualitative and quantitative, in patients with nephropathy were found with the examination 38 patients with various stages of diabetic nephropathy and 14 other diabetic patients as well as 37 healthy subjects. The urine of those patients is characterized by high content of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins G, A and M and to lesser degree--of alpha 2-macroglobulin. The selectivity of proteinuria is most frequently decreased, especially in the advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Tubular components (light chains, alpha 2- and beta-microglobulins) were also found in the urine of the same patients.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy]. 7 85

The proteinuria rate and the relative clearances of beta 2-microglobulin, orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were measured in forty-two workers exposed to cadmium and in seventy-seven control workers. A tubular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of beta 2-microglobulin and often also a glomerular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were observed mainly in workers exposed to cadmium for more than 25 years and whose cadmium concentration in blood exceeded 1 microgram Cd/100 ml and that in urine 10 microgram Cd/g creatinine. The glomerular dysfunction was also suggested by an increased plasma level of beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine. Both tubular and glomerular impairments occurred with the same prevalence and were not necessarily associated. The increased release of beta-galactosidase by the kidney suggested that cadmium can damage some epithelial cells.
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PMID:Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium. 11 May 96

During the initial 50 days following transplantation of a cadaver kidney into 8 patients, determinations of 7 individual protein clearances were performed twice a week. This, the first posttransplantation investigation of single protein clearances utilizing unconcentrated urine, was made possible by the highly sensitive electroimmunodiffusion method of LAURELL [24]. The following results were obtained: 1. Kidney implantation was immediately followed by glomerulo-tubular proteinuria. In patients exhibiting good transplant tolerance the tubular proteins disappeared from the urine by the 43rd day at the latest; on the other hand, excretion of the glomerular proteins transferrin and albumin continued. In patients without complications the proteinuria was already highly selective by the 7th day (70 degrees). 2. In 5 of 8 patients there was a change in the proteinuria pattern during the rejection crisis: glomerulo-tubular proteinuria occurred three times and glomerular proteinuria twice. In two of these cases there was a change in the selectivity. 3. Patients with good tolerance showed plasma prealbumin levels which increased as a function of the time lapse since transplantation. 4. The plasma concentration of retinol-binding protein did not vary following transplantation and remained at 16.8 +/- 2.8 mg% in patients with uneventful course and at 18.5 +/- 4.9 mg% in patients with transplant rejection reactions, both values being markedly above the norm (4.7 +/- 1.1 mg%, [1 SD]).
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PMID:[Proteinuria and kidney transplantation. A quantitative immunochemical study of 7 protein clearances during the first 50 days following implantation of cadaver kidney]. 33 96

The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with febrile diseases. 40 46

Different types of urinary protein excretion may be recognized by determination of the proteins molecular weight. Beside chromatography different electrophoretic procedures have been applied to urinary proteins to study the underlying renal disease. The various zone electrophoreses separate merely by surface charge, proteins however covered by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) migrate according to their molecular radius. So by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAe) macromolecular proteinurias (Mr 60,000- greater than 300,000 daltons) due to glomerular damage may be distinguished from micromolecular forms (Mr 10,000-70,000 d) due to tubular dysfunction. By densitometric quantitation of the separated Ig and transferrin an index of the glomerular selectivity is obtained, i.e. the capacity of the glomerular system, to retain serum proteins of a Mr above 150,000 d. By this procedure proliferative and degenerative glomerulopathies may be distinguished from minimal change disease, focal glomerular sclerosis and early membranous nephropathy; serial determinations of this selectivity index in the latter two disease entities show a gradual deterioration of glomerular protein handling with time. A glomerular proteinuria of even "physiological" quantity has been proved as early sign of renal involvment in systemic diseases; it may be detected earlier as for example the retinopathy in juvenile diabetics. Micromolecular proteinurias also occur at least in two forms: the typical tubular proteinuria (MW 10,000-70,000 d) is associated with acute or chronic severe tubular dysfunction as in interstitial nephritis and acute kidney failure; rejection episodes of kidney transplants lead to transient tubular proteinurias, too. The second form of micromolecular proteinuria (Mr 40,000-70,000 d) has been found frequently in association with a glomerular in diabetic and hypertensive glomerulosclerosis. By measuring clearances of the microproteins, the proteinuria with this pattern could be established as form independant from glomerular and tubular proteinurias. The constancy of the two micromolecular proteinurias led to the hypothesis of at least two selective mechanism of tubular protein resorption. SDS-PAe additionally allows the differentiation of extrarenal proteinurias, as caused by overflow, paraproteins, postrenal Ig-secretion or bleeding etc. In comparing clinical and in part histological data of about 2,000 patients suffering from kidney diseases the analysis of urinary proteins by this method has been proved as valuable non-invasive tool for diagnosis and follow-up.
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PMID:Diagnostic significance of SDS-PAA-electrophoresis of urinary proteins: different forms of proteinuria and their correlation to renal diseases. 44 75

Serum and urine were collected from 58 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM), complement (C3) and transferrin levels were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. The extent of glomerular injury was estimated by determining the selectivity of proteinuria. The relationship between the severity of glomerular damage and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement was assessed. Higher IgM and lower IgG serum concentrations were found in nephrotic patients than in normal controls (157 +/- 108 mg+ vs 127 +/- 38 mg% for IgM, 929 +/- 537 mg% for IgG). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05 for IgM, p less than 0.001 for IgG). No correlation was present between the selectivity of proteinuria and serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG or C3. The results indicate that abnormalities in humoral components of the immune system are present in nephrotic patients and are probably related to a basic immunological defect in the patients rather than to the severity of glomerular damage.
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PMID:Humoral components of immunological response in nephrotic syndrome. 57 31

Fifty patients with renal glomerular diseases entered a double-blind cross-over study on the effect of cyclophosphamide; 38 had received neither corticosteroids nor cytostatic drugs before joining the study. Cyclophosphamide was given for 4 months in doses decreasing from 3 to 1.5 mg/kg b.wt. Cyclophosphamide caused a 46% decrease in the 24-hour excretion of urinary protein and a decrease in serum creatinine within the normal range. Albumin, transferrin and IgA in urine, as well as albumin clearance and the sieving coefficient of albumin, changed parallel to the total urinary protein. The initial values of proteinuria and serum complement were of prognostic significance for the effect of cyclophosphamide in serum creatinine. We were unable to demonstrate a prognostic significance for the variables: clinical diagnosis, renal histology, arterial BP, initial values of serum creatinine and IgG, IgA and IgM in serum and urine. ESR appeared to be the most reliable acute phase reactant. No differences were found between the changes in renal histology during cyclophosphamide or placebo.
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PMID:Cytostatic treatment of glomerular diseases. III. A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of cyclophosphamide report from a copenhagen study group of renal diseases. 78 59

The urinary concentration of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) was measured in 90 patients with proteinuria above 2 g/1 and correlated with proteinuria, differential protein clearances, serum urea and creatinine, and renal biopsy findings. There was a linear correlation (r equals 0-7; P less than 0-001) between the urinary F.D.P. excretion and the selectivity of the proteinuria such that patients with highly selective proteinuria excreted only small amounts of F.D.P. whereas those with non-selective proteinuria excreted much higher levels. There was a significant correlation between the urinary F.D.P. excretion and the urine:serum (U:S) ratio of IgG excretion but not with the U:S ratio or urinary excretion of albumin or transferrin. Sephadex G200 column chromatography of the concentrated urine in 26 cases showed that patients with highly selective proteinuria excreted predominantly F.D.P. of low molecular weight in the urine whereas those with non-selective proteinuria excreted mainly fibrinogen and products of high molecular weight. Hence the type and quantity of F.D.P. in the urine are determined primarily by the differential filtration of fibrinogen and the various degradation products from the plasma through the glomerular basement membrane, which in turn is determined by the "pore size" of the basement membrane. In clinical nephrology measurement of the urinary F.D.P. level provides a rapid and convenient means of estimating the differential protein clearance.
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PMID:Urinary fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in nephrotic syndrome. 80 53


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