Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The development of malignant hypertension was studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kept on 1% NaCl as drinking water. Along with salt-loading, blood pressure gradually increased and reached a severe hypertensive level (greater than 230 mmHg), which was followed by increases in urinary protein (greater than 100 (mg/250 g body wt)/day) and plasma renin concentration (PRC, from 18.9 +/- 0.1 to 51.2 +/- 19.4 (ng/ml)/h, mean +/- SD). At this stage, renal small arteries and arterioles showed severe sclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis. Stroke was observed within a week after the onset of these renal abnormalities. The dose of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) producing 30 mmHg rise in blood pressure increased with the elevation of PRC, from 22 +/- 12 to 75 +/- 36 ng/kg, which was comparable to that in rats on water. The fall of blood pressure due to an AII inhibitor, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]AII (10(microgram/kg)/min for 40 min) became more prominent with the increase in PRC in salt-loaded rats, but was not detected in rats on water. These findings suggest that the activation of renin-angiotensin system participates in malignant hypertension of salt-loaded stroke-prone SHR rats that show stroke signs, proteinuria, hyperreninemia, and renovascular changes.
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PMID:Renin-angiotensin system in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 42 75

Factors which best predict mortality within five years have been examined in a random community sample of 852 people over 65. Apart from sex, multiple-regression analysis shows the best predictive factors to be higher age and the occurrence of proteinuria in both sexes. In men, low vitamin c intake and an unfavourable clinician's assessment of the subject's health were also significant predictors. In women, whether the subject was housebound, the diagnoses of stroke and of diabetes and a low serum pyridoxine were additional adverse factors. The findings regarding low vitamin C intake in men and low serum pyridoxine levels in women should be regarded with caution. The former appears unlikely to represent a true vitamin deficiency effect and whilst the latter might, the evidence is no more than suggestive and further confirmatory studies are required.
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PMID:Factors predicting mortality in the elderly in the community. 127 97

The effect of a calcium antagonist, manidipine, on blood pressure and proteinuria induced by the inhibition of endothelial-derived relaxation factor (EDRF) formation was examined. Manidipine attenuated the increase in blood pressure and prevented proteinuria caused by renal damage associated with the inhibition of EDRF formation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats.
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PMID:Preventive effect of manidipine on severe hypertension and proteinuria induced by the inhibition of endothelial-derived relaxation factor formation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 134 97

Research on antihypertensive drugs not only provides new information on presently used agents but also leads to the introduction of exciting new compounds. Several important clinical trials involving currently available drugs have been published recently. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors improved survival in patients with milder degrees of congestive heart failure, which indicates that they have become the cornerstone of treatment for this condition. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delayed or prevented the development of diabetic proteinuria (> 200 micrograms/min) in a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Further, enalapril was more effective than metoprolol in reducing the rate of decline in renal function in patients with type I diabetes. Calcium channel blockers protected against acute renal failure in patients after renal transplantation in two separate studies. Calcium channel blockers were shown to promote natriuresis, with negative sodium balance the same as that associated with thiazide diuretics. The voltage-dependent calcium channel has been cloned, and the binding sites of the three classes of calcium channel blockers are now known. beta-Blockers and thiazide diuretics were the drug treatments in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program trial and in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension study (patients 65 to 85 years). In both investigations, stroke and cardiovascular events were significantly reduced by these conventional inexpensive agents. Clonidine was found to lower blood pressure primarily by its interaction with the imidazole receptor rather than the alpha 2 receptor. Elucidation of the imidazole receptor promises to shed light on physiologic mechanisms as well as lead to the introduction of new agents, such as moxonidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:New classes of antihypertensive drugs and new findings with established agents. 136 36

In a population-based study in Taiwan, 11,478 subjects aged 40 years or older were screened for diabetes in one urban and five rural areas. Among the 715 subjects proven to have diabetes, 527 subjects underwent ophthalmoscopy. Diabetic retinopathy was present in 184 of the 527 subjects (35.0%), including background diabetic retinopathy in 157 subjects (30.0%), preproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 15 subjects (2.8%), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 12 subjects (2.2%). Diabetic retinopathy was correlated with the duration of diabetes and age at onset of diabetes, type of diabetes treatment, higher serum creatinine levels, and lower serum cholesterol levels. Several other factors, including gender, age, residential area, family income, educational level, control and family history of diabetes, body mass index, physical activity, exercise, cigarette smoking, stroke, ischemic heart disease, leg vessel disease, hypertension, and proteinuria, had no significant association with retinopathy. By multiple logistic regression analysis, duration of diabetes was the most important risk factor related to retinopathy. Diabetic subjects treated with insulin had a higher risk of developing retinopathy than those treated with dietary control (relative risk, 1.57; .05 < P < .10). The univariate analysis disclosed that proliferative diabetic retinopathy was related to older age at examination, older age at onset of diabetes, type of diabetes treatment, and presence of leg vessel disease. Insulin-treated diabetic subjects also had a higher risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy than patients in whom diabetes was controlled by diet, with a relative risk of 2.51 (.05 < P < .10) in the multiple logistic regression analysis.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. 146 42

We examined whether the renal protective effect of the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) is dose-related and associated with alterations in the urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, a stable breakdown product of prostacyclin. Enalapril maleate at 1.5, 5 and 15 mg/kg/day or vehicle was chronically administered to saline-drinking SHRSP (six per group) starting at 8.1 weeks of age. Vehicle-treated SHRSP developed severe hypertension, proteinuria and strokes (age at death, 14 +/- 1 weeks; mean +/- S.E.). Enalapril prolonged survival dose-dependently and reduced proteinuria; all SHRSP given 15 mg/kg/day lived beyond 23 weeks of age without evidence of stroke or proteinuria. There was no effect of enalapril at any dose on systolic arterial blood pressure in spite of variable levels of urinary protein excretion and onset of stroke in the different groups. Likewise, urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 excretion did not differ among the groups except for an increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the 15 mg/kg/day group at one week after initiation of enalapril therapy. These results are consistent with a dose-related renal protective action of enalapril in saline-drinking SHRSP that is not closely associated with sustained alterations in urinary excretion of renal vasodilatory PGs.
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PMID:The antiproteinuric action of enalapril in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats is unrelated to alterations in urinary prostaglandins. 154 1

The present study examined whether the dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor phenidone would protect stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) from stroke and hypertensive renal disease. Vehicle-treated SHRSP (N = 6), fed stroke-prone rodent diet and 1% saline, exhibited severe systolic blood pressure elevation (261 +/- 10 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM), marked proteinuria (90 +/- 12 mg/day), and stroke, with an average age at death of 14 +/- 1 weeks. In a second group of six saline-loaded SHRSP, treatment with phenidone (60 mg/kg/day) was started at 8.4 weeks of age. Despite establishment of severe hypertension in this group (274 +/- 10 mm Hg), proteinuria remained at basal levels (28 +/- 13 mg/day), and signs of stroke were absent (P less than .01 v vehicle) through at least 16 weeks of age. Phenidone treatment also prevented the declines in body weight and food intake observed in vehicle-treated SHRSP, and maintained urine volume and saline intake. Serum 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) generation was significantly inhibited greater than 50% in incubates of whole blood from phenidone-treated SHRSP. We have previously shown that agents which interfere with the renin-angiotensin system afford protection from renal and cerebrovascular injury in saline-loaded SHRSP; cyclooxygenase inhibition alone will hasten the onset of these pathologic changes. Whether phenidone, which has been reported to attenuate angiotensin II-mediated effects, affords vascular protection by interference with a lipoxygenase-mediated action of angiotensin II remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:The lipoxygenase inhibitor phenidone protects against proteinuria and stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 155 Jun 66

Enalapril is an effective agent in the treatment of mild to severe hypertension. It is equally effective in elderly and young adult patients but appears to be more effective in white than in black hypertensive patients. Following treatment with enalapril, an assessment of maximum exercise performance found a decrease in total peripheral resistance without significant changes in cardiac output, heart rate, or stroke volume compared with pretreatment values. In addition, there have been reports of reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in enalapril-treated hypertensive patients. Enalapril is also effective and well tolerated in hypertensive patients with renal impairment of varying etiology. The most common adverse experiences reported in controlled clinical trials were headache (5.2%), dizziness (4.3%), and fatigue (3.0%). In high-risk hypertensive patients, no enalapril-treated neutropenia, proteinuria, dysgeusia, or ageusia were reported. It may be concluded that the benefit-to-risk ratio of enalapril is among the best of the antihypertensive therapies currently available.
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PMID:Enalapril: benefit-to-risk ratio in hypertensive patients. 169 15

In 1974 a cross-sectional study was conducted on 4591 out-patients (2095 males and 2496 females) aged 18-67 years, with diabetes of 1-10 years duration, and cardiovascular fatalities followed for 10 years. A multiple logistic regression was then performed on total cardiovascular deaths, deaths from ischaemic heart disease, and from stroke on selected baseline variables related to the course and control of diabetes, selected symptoms of macroangiopathy, and other risk factors, separately for insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated patients. Hyperglycaemia, proteinuria, arterial hypertension, various symptoms of ischaemic heart disease, age, and current cigarette smoking were found to be important predictors of cardiovascular mortality, more so in non-insulin-treated than in insulin-treated patients. Proteinuria and arterial hypertension carried a greater risk in females than males, but the opposite was true for the signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease. Relative body mass was found to correlate inversely with probability of cardiovascular death among insulin-treated males but not in non-insulin-treated males, whereas duration of diabetes was a significant factor only among non-insulin-treated females.
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PMID:Risk factors of cardiovascular death in diabetic patients. 182 45

One hundred and eighty-eight known Type 2 diabetic patients aged over 60 years identified by a geographically based survey of a population of 40,076 were followed for a median of 6 years to determine the incidence of various complications. There were 63 deaths and two patients were lost to follow-up. The presence of complications was determined using a structured questionnaire and clinical examination. Incidence rates of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were 56 (95% CI 41-75), 22 (13-35), and 146 (117-174) 1000-person-years-1 of follow-up, respectively. Rates of stroke and PVD rose significantly with age. Retinopathy occurred at a rate of 60 (42-83) 1000-person-years-1 and cataract at 29 (17-46) 1000-person-years-1 although visual acuity in survivors did not deteriorate overall, probably reflecting the high mortality associated with cataract. The rate of proteinuria (albumin concentration greater than 300 mg l-1) was 19 (9-34) 1000-person-years-1. Incidence rates were unrelated to sex or duration of diabetes. Diabetes is associated with a continuing incidence of complications into old age. Adequate facilities are required to assess and treat the resulting morbidity in a population with an increasing proportion of elderly people.
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PMID:A population-based study of the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes in the elderly. 183 44


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