Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033687 (proteinuria)
 24,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cadmium is an inessential trace metal which accumulates in human tissues from contamination of food, water or air. The kidney is the critical organ following long-term, low-level absorption either by inhalation or ingestion; accumulation occurring in tubular epithelium in the form of a cadmium-metallothionein complex, giving rise to tubular dysfunction. In a group of 12 cadmium workers some of whom were followed for up to 16 years, tubular proteinuria, renal glycosuria, aminoaciduria, hypercalciuria and defects of concentration and acidification have been observed. Two men became recurrent renal stone formers and 1 man, who had nephrocalcinosis when first seen, later developed vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia. Renal tubular dysfunction following cadmium exposure may continue symptom-free for long intervals, but in a proportion of cases serious clinical effects may eventually develop.
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PMID:Cadmium nephropathy. 22 11

The myeloma kidney is characterized by casts in the distal and collecting tubules. The glomeruli are hardly affected unless amyloidosis is present. When the glomeruli are involved, the proteinuria is nonselective and, in some cases, the whole paraprotein is excreted in the urine. Nephrocalcinosis may be present and focal myeloma cell infiltration in the interstitium is a characteristic, but inconstant, finding. The nephrotic syndrome is extremely rare; if it exists, amyloidosis should be suspected. In contrast to multiple myeloma, the glomeruli are frequently involved in macroglobulinemia of Waldenstrom. Hyaline intracapillary deposits consisting of pure IgM are a characteristic finding as is infiltration of the kidney with lymphoid cells. No characteristic lesion of the kidney has been described in the heavy-chain diseases. Mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with an IgM paraprotein can produce glomerulonephritis that is due to the deposition in the glomeruli of an immune complex consisting of IgG, IgM, and complement.
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PMID:Renal pathologic findings associated with monoclonal gammopathies. 80 64

Hyperoxaluria is frequently seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, or after resection of the ileum. It is assumed to be responsible for the development of nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis (oxalate nephrosis) and progressive renal impairment in these patients. Steatorrhea may aggravate the severity of hyperoxaluria. A 60-year-old male underwent massive resection of the jejunum and ileum 10 years prior to admission, due to strangulation of the small bowel, with occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. He remained well except for steatorrhea which developed two-and-a-half years prior to admission, when microhematuria, proteinuria and oxaluria developed progressively. Since that time, the nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and renal failure have continued to worsen despite therapy with oxalate restriction and oxalate-binding agents. A renal biopsy, performed late in the clinical course, showed severe changes in the renal parenchyma. The decline in renal function proved irreversible. The unusual metabolic consequences of massive resection of the small intestine and their mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and renal failure after massive resection of the small intestine: report of a case. 136 95

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) can be separated into three main types: distal RTA (the defect in the excretion of hydrogen ion), proximal RTA (the defect in the reabsorption of bicarbonate), and hyperkalemic RTA. Some patients present combined types of proximal and distal RTA. Most of the pediatric patients with RTA manifest failure to thrive. They have hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and normal plasma anion gap. Fractional excretion of bicarbonate is below 5% in dRTA and over 15% in pRTA. Renal complications of dRTA are nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi, renal cysts and reversible low molecular weight proteinuria. The patient with isolated pRTA is very rare.
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PMID:[Renal tubular acidosis]. 143 12

This essay illustrates the spectrum of sonographic findings of various renal manifestations of AIDS. The most common renal abnormality in patients with AIDS is nephropathy, which is manifested by deterioration of renal function and proteinuria. Acute tubular necrosis, intrarenal infections, focal nephrocalcinosis, hydronephrosis, and neoplasms also may occur.
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PMID:Renal diseases in patients with AIDS: sonographic findings. 847 Jun 3

Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD-I) is due to the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver, kidney and intestine. Although kidney enlargement occurs in GSD-I, renal disease has not been considered a major problem until recently. In older patients (more than 20 years of age) whose GSD-I disease has been ineffectively treated, virtually all have disturbed renal function, manifested by persistent proteinuria; many also have hypertension, renal stones, altered creatinine clearance or a progressive renal insufficiency. Glomerular hyperfiltration is seen in the early stage of the renal dysfunction and can occur before proteinuria. In younger GSD-I patients, the hyperfiltration is usually the only renal abnormality found; and, in some patients, microalbuminuria develops before clinical proteinuria. The predominant underlying renal pathology is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Renal stones and/or nephrocalcinosis are also common findings. Amyloidosis and Fanconi-like syndrome can occur, but rarely. The risk factors for developing the glomerulosclerosis in GSD-I include hyperfiltration, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia. Dietary therapy with cornstarch and/or nasogastric infusion of glucose, aimed at maintaining normoglycemia, corrects metabolic abnormalities and improves the proximal renal tubular function. Long-term trial will be needed to assess whether the dietary therapy may prevent the evolution or the progression of the renal disease.
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PMID:Type I glycogen storage disease: kidney involvement, pathogenesis and its treatment. 202 44

Initial autopsy studies concerned primarily with the systemic manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) did not indicate that significant renal problems were likely to occur in AIDS patients. However, several recent studies have suggested that important renal and electrolyte disorders develop frequently in at least some groups of AIDS patients. In this report, we review current information concerning such disorders and describe our study of the frequency and types of renal lesions in the first 50 AIDS patients undergoing autopsy at this institution. We conclude that a number of renal lesions and electrolyte abnormalities occur in AIDS patients, although the frequency and nature of these problems vary considerably from center to center. Studies from several centers, including our own, indicate that AIDS patients are particularly likely to develop tubulointerstitial lesions (such as nephrocalcinosis and interstitial nephritis) and electrolyte disorders. Additional studies from specific centers in New York City, Miami, Detroit, and Los Angeles indicate that AIDS patients can also develop glomerular lesions, including a variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) associated with heavy proteinuria and rapidly progressive renal failure. Although FSGS is not commonly observed in all centers, AIDS patients with this lesion appear to have a distinctive combination of clinical and pathological features, suggesting that they have a specific "human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated" nephropathy. Preliminary evidence suggests that this lesion may be related to direct renal HIV infection, although confirmation of this possibility is needed. The approach to the AIDS patient with renal disease should involve correction of reversible disorders and consideration of dialysis as necessary.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the kidney. 219 75

The kidneys were evaluated on [99mTc]phosphonate bone scans using 35 studies from 23 individuals with multiple myeloma; these images were compared with those from 50 controls. In each case, the kidneys could be visualized and calculation was made of the renal:skeleton ratio. Two myeloma patients showed an elevated renal:skeleton ratio. One was due to reduced vertebral uptake of [99mTc]phosphonate following therapeutic radiation. In the second case, the elevated ratio was related to renal uptake of the tracer (independent of urinary retention), and was consistent with nephrocalcinosis. No significant correlation between the renal:skeleton ratio and the degree of hypercalcemia, proteinuria, or renal impairment was found. We conclude that bone scintigraphy represents a safe, simple means of demonstrating renal presence and activity in multiple myeloma patients. However, calculation of the renal:skeleton ratio is not directly helpful in clarifying the events of calcium metabolism.
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PMID:Evaluation of renal-skeleton ratio of technetium-99m phosphonate in multiple myeloma. 405 22

During an eight-year period (1975-1982) 174 military conscripts (out of a total of 314,000) were submitted to Helsinki University Central Hospital, Fourth Department of Medicine, on suspicion of renal disease. Eighty-four had isolated hematuria, 61 hematuria and concomitant proteinuria and 29 persistent proteinuria. In 100 of them the urinary abnormality was an incidental finding, 62 suffered from symptoms of infection and the rest had other complaints. A renal biopsy was performed, yielding a representative sample in 171 cases, after other causes of the urinary abnormality had been excluded. Morphological analysis showed that 131 patients had glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy being the most common type (70 patients). Tubulo-interstitial nephritis was seen in two cases, and nephrocalcinosis in one. Among 37 cases with apparently normal glomeruli under light microscopy, immunofluorescence analysis revealed glomerular deposits other than IgA in 19 cases and no deposits in 15 (three were inadequate for this analysis). On the basis of the figures in this study the average number of annually detected cases of nephritis was 48 per 100,000 Finnish conscripts. During the same period an annual average of 46 per 100,000 young men were exempted from military service because of nephritis, giving an overall figure of 94 cases of nephritis detected annually per 100,000 young Finnish men.
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PMID:Nephritis among young Finnish men. 651 72

To determine the nature and frequency of renal disorders in AIDS we reviewed the records of thirty-two patients hospitalized over a twenty-two month period. Group I, including all patients with AIDS who demonstrated proteinuria and/or renal insufficiency, numbered thirteen patients, in ten of whom renal tissue was available. Renal abnormalities included proteinuria in twelve patients, which exceeded two grams per day in seven. The glomerular histologic lesions included focal glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial hypercellularity, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The nonglomerular histologic lesions included acute tubular necrosis, nephrocalcinosis, focal interstitial nephritis, and one case each of intrarenal cryptococcal infection and renal cell carcinoma. Nine of these thirteen patients developed renal insufficiency, and four of them required dialysis. Their mortality by the end of the study period was eleven of thirteen patients (85 percent), significantly worse in the short term than AIDS patients without renal problems. The patients in Group I were compared to the nineteen AIDS patients without renal abnormalities in Group II. The Group I patients had a higher incidence of oral and esophageal candidiasis, other fungal infections, and infections with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. They also had a higher incidence of exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics and amphotericin B, and experienced more clinical shock than their Group II counterparts. It is concluded that patients with AIDS may demonstrate renal abnormalities on the basis of immune, hemodynamic, infectious, and neoplastic derangements.
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PMID:Renal disease in patients with AIDS: a clinicopathologic study. 673 86


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