Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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A meeting in Singapore of principal investigators from 7 countries in a WHO collaborative study on hypertensive disease of pregnancy, also called pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, pointed out women at risk, suggested management guidelines, and summarized operations research projects involving administration of aspirin or calcium supplements. Hypertensive disease of pregnancy may ultimately end in fatal seizures. It is often marked by warning signs of severe headaches and facial and peripheral edema. A survey in Jamaica found that 0.72% of a group of 10,000 pregnant women had eclamptic seizures. These were the cause of almost one-third of all obstetric deaths in the period 1981-1983. 10.4% of the pregnant women had hypertension, and half of these had proteinuria. Associated risk factors were primigravida, age 30, abnormal weight gain, edema, 1+ proteinuria. A phased program of management guidelines for identifying and treating affected women is being instituted in half of Jamaica's parishes. An operations research project involves administration of low-dose aspirin vs. placebo. Another controlled trial, in Peru, is testing calcium supplements. A third trial in Argentina will compare 2 drug regimens.
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PMID:Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. 1228 29

Eclampsia, an obstetrical emergency described in medical texts going back over a century, is characterized by convulsion, loss of consciousness, and high risk of death in the absence of careful medical treatment. Many cases can be prevented if the signs are recognized and treated in time. High blood pressure often giving rise to severe headaches, proteinuria, and edema causing abnormal swelling of the arms, legs, and face are precursors. The possibility of preventing eclampsia led the World Health Organization to undertake a collaborative study of the prevalence, causes, and effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in different parts of the world. The principal investigators of 7 countries who met in Singapore to compare their findings noted strikingly different rates of eclampsia and preeclampsia in the 4 Asian countries represented. Edema was found to be a useful indicator of increased risk where health resources are scarce and the incidence of hypertension and edema are low. A study of maternal mortality in Jamaica around this time found that about 1/3 of deaths from direct obstetrical causes resulted from hypertensive disorders, most often eclampsia. The Jamaican researchers proposed a research project using techniques developed during the collaborative study. Data on more than 10,000 pregnant women allowed detailed study of hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Among the women, .72% had had a crisis of eclampsia and 10.4% had hypertension, accompanied by proteinuria in about half the cases. Primigestes, women over 30, and those gaining more than normal amounts of weight during pregnancy were identified as at increased risk. The best indicator of risk was the coexistence of at least 2 out of 3 factors: edema, diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg or over, and proteinuria. The findings caused Jamaica to launch 2 programs, the 1st to screen pregnant women for risk factors for eclampsia and provide special care, and the 2nd to provide small doses of aspirin to half of pregnant women and a placebo to the other half to verify whether small doses of aspirin are an effective means of preventing eclampsia. The World Health Organization is supporting a controlled study of the efficacy of calcium tablets in preventing eclampsia in Peru and is considering a study comparing 2 different regimes for treating eclampsia in Argentina.
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PMID:[Blood pressure complications of pregnancy: through collaborative studies, WHO seeks solutions]. 1228 57

Prenatal care aims to preserve the health of the fetus and mother. It screens for indications of illness or pregnancy-related complications and tries to prevent them from becoming emergencies. Sufficient referral services are needed for prenatal screening to be effective. Women and their families must be motivated to go to them promptly. Often prenatal care is the first time women receive any medical care. Thus, quality care is imperative so women will again request medical care when necessary. Prenatal care providers must ask women about signs and symptoms of placenta previa and placental abruptio. They should also tell them about the gravity of hemorrhaging in late pregnancy. Referral facilities must have operative capabilities and be able to provide adequate transfusion to treat severe hemorrhage. Health workers must prevent and treat anemia in pregnant women to improve their chances of recovery from blood loss; they must also measure blood pressure and periodically test for proteinuria and edema to diagnose preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hypertension. Health workers must screen women at high risk for cephalopelvic disproportion (e.g. by assessing, height, foot size, and age) and for a malpositioned fetus and multiple pregnancies (e.g. via abdominal examination). They must also educate mothers about the importance of hygienic delivery and provide sanitary delivery kits. Unhygienic delivery conditions and untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can cause puerperal sepsis. STDs can also have other adverse effects such as ectopic pregnancy and blindness, death, or retardation of the fetus/ infant. STD screening could prevent needless suffering in many women; 5-15% of pregnant women in some developing countries have syphilis. Prenatal care should include screening for urinary tract infections which can cause preterm delivery and low birth weight. Antibiotics can treat these infections. Some pregnant women have infectious diseases which may undetected without prenatal care.
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PMID:How prenatal care can improve maternal health. 1228 37

Eclampsia is a major global cause of maternal mortality, as well as an important cause of perinatal death. Because appropriate drugs are not always readily available in many countries, prenatal identification of women at risk of pre-eclampsia is fundamental in preparing for complications which may arise later in the pregnancy or at birth. The Safe Motherhood practical guide described in this brief article stresses the importance of measuring blood pressure and checking for proteinuria and edema in identifying women at risk of pre-eclampsia. The book describes simply and clearly how to measure a patient's blood pressure accurately; how to obtain a clean catch urine sample and test for proteinuria; how to detect edema; and how to assess the risk of pre-eclampsia from the findings. Information on the operation and maintenance of blood pressure equipment is also provided.
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PMID:Prenatal checks detect pre-eclampsia. 1228 39

Hypertension is the most common medical complication of pregnancy in South Africa and a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. At King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, 18% of all admissions to the obstetric unit have some degree of high blood pressure. Hypertension in its most severe form produces convulsions, proteinuria, and edema and may lead to fetal and maternal death. High-risk groups for preeclampsia are teenage mothers, primigravidas, and women with a history of elevated blood pressure, previous preeclampsia, molar pregnancies, multiple pregnancies, or hydrops fetalis. Methods used to prevent preeclampsia include a low-salt diet supplemented with calcium, magnesium, zinc, fish, and pharmacological manipulation. In developing countries, prevention and detection of preeclampsia is difficult since women seek antenatal care late in their pregnancies. In Durban, the average gestational age at first antenatal attendance is 28 weeks, and 80% of patients presenting with eclampsia have defaulted antenatal care. Treatment includes admission to hospital to establish the etiology of the hypertension and maternal renal function tests . Fetal condition is a sensitive index of hypertension and is judged by 1) clinical evidence of fetal growth, 2) weekly antepartum cardiotocography, and 3) ultrasonographic screening. Patients are managed according to three clinical groups: 1) those identified before 36 weeks, 2) those identified after 36 weeks, and 3) patients in hypertensive crisis. Dihydralazine is the drug of choice for imminent eclampsia. If the patients has a ripe cervix, delivery is induced with 6-8 hours. Steroid contraception use in the older hypertensive patient should be avoided because of possible development of atherosclerosis and stroke. Puerperal tubal ligations in the hypertensive patient ought to be avoided because of the risks of thromboembolic phenomena and pulmonary embolism. Methyldopa is the treatment of choice in cases of moderate to severe hypertension. Intravenous dihydralazine is relatively safe for the rapid reduction of high blood pressure.
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PMID:Coping with hypertension in pregnancy. 1234 38

Sixty-six cases of eclampsia amongst 9178 deliveries were managed from July, 1997 to December, 1998 in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi. The aim was to evaluate the changing trends in patients of eclampsia and to assess the efficacy of dilantin in its treatment. The incidence recorded was 1 in 139 deliveries (0.7%). Majority (90.91%) were unsupervised in antenatal period and 68.18% were primigravidae. Eclampsia developed at < 28 weeks of pregnancy in 3.03% of patients. All the patients had hypertension and proteinuria at the time of admission and 51.52% showed hypertensive changes on fundus examination. While single anticonvulsant therapy in the form of dilantin was used to manage 57.57% of patients, 13.64% required intubation and positive pressure ventilation. Fit recurrence on treatment was noticed in 40.91% of patients. Lower segment caesarean section was conducted in 18.18% of patients. Three maternal deaths (4.56%) attributed to ventricular tachycardia, aspiration and intracerebral haemorrhage were recorded. Morbidity was frequent in the form of status eclampticus (n = 5), postpartum psychosis (n = 5), retinal detachment (n = 1), coagulation abnormality (n = 11). The perinatal mortality rate was 30.43%. The study concludes that eclampsia is still rampant in India and despite better medical facilities, maternal and perinatal mortality remains high. The efficacy of dilantin as anti-eclamptic needs to be reviewed.
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PMID:Dilantin as anticonvulsant in eclampsia. 1245 87

This study evaluated the prognostic value of absolute versus relative rise in blood pressure during pregnancy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria from 17th December 1997 to 31st March 1999. The study sample consisted of 515 consecutive healthy antenatal subjects of the hospital who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The study involved a longitudinal measurement of variables such as blood pressure and anthropometric data of the subjects as well as the maternal mortality rate, caesarean section rate, incidence of eclampsia and proteinuria, perinatal mortality rate, incidence of severe asphyxia and low birth weight, mean birth weight, birth length, ponderal index and gestational age at delivery. Differences in these indices between different groups of the subjects were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and one way ANOVA for continuous variables. Grouping was based on the absolute systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and relative rise in SBP/DBP from mind-pregnancy until delivery at term. The absolute blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg was a better predictor of feto-maternal outcome than a relative rise in the systolic/diastolic blood pressure from mid pregnancy, which did not reach this absolute level. We conclude that in the Nigerian obstetric population, the practice of diagnosing pregnancy hypertension on the basis of a relative blood pressure rise of 30/15 mmHg alone without reference to the absolute blood pressure level needs to be reviewed.
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PMID:Prognostic value of absolute versus relative rise of blood pressure in pregnancy. 1247 27

This was a preliminary investigation to assess the value of platelet angiotensin II binding as a prognostic indicator for subsequent pre-eclampsia in women admitted with non-proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension. Platelet angiotensin II binding was measured in 26 women at the onset of their symptoms. All were primparous, had singleton pregnancies, were normotensive at booking and had an unremarkable medical history. The blood pressure of seven women resolved and returned to normal; 11 women remained stable throughout the remainder of their pregnancy, their blood pressure remained elevated but they did not develop significant proteinuria. Eight women developed pre-eclampsia. Platelet angiotensin II binding in the pre-eclamptic group was significantly higher compared to those who remained stable (P = 0.042) or those whose condition improved (P = 0.021). We conclude that angiotensin II binding measured at the time of admission to hospital for non-proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension may have a role in predicting the onset of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.
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PMID:Platelet angiotensin II binding may be a useful prognostic indicator for the development of pre-eclampsia in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension: preliminary communication. 1252 80

To determine whether consanguinity is more likely to be associated with severe forms of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Presuming a pure genetic contribution, we speculated that consanguineous marriages would increase the occurrence of severe forms of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, through an expected increased chance for homozygosity to the putative gene. The study is a clinical case series on pre-eclamptic/eclamptic primiparae delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, which is a tertiary referral center. The internationally accepted definitions for hypertension, proteinuria, mild and severe pre-eclampsia were adopted. The study included 77 primiparae. The incidence of consanguinity in the studied sample was 38%. Of them, 28 (36.4%) had mild pre-eclampsia, 45 (58.4%) had severe pre-eclampsia and four (5.2%) had eclampsia. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia between primiparae married to a first cousin or a relative other than a first cousin and primiparae married to a non-relative, odds ratio 1.1 (95% CI 0.33-3.87), P value 0.94, odds ratio 2.6 (95% CI 0.45-27.6), P value 0.30, respectively. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in occurrence of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia between primiparae whose parents are first cousins or relatives other than a first cousin and primiparae whose parents are non-relatives, odds ratio 1.3 (95% CI 0.36-4.72), P value 0.81, odds ratio 1.61 (95% CI 0.23-18.4), P value 0.70, respectively. Our study did not support a causal relationship between consanguinity and the occurrence of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The role of more complex genetic, immunologic, metabolic, hemostatic or, possibly yet, other unknown factors have to be explored.
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PMID:Does consanguinity affect the severity of pre-eclampsia? 1276 2

Hypertension in pregnancy is diagnosed when pressures in excess of 140/90 mmHg are repeatedly measured. A differentiation is made between pregnancy-independent hypertension, i.e. pre-existing hypertension and gestational hypertension occurring for the first time after the 20th week of the pregnancy. If hypertension is accompanied by proteinuria, the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia is made. Feared complications are eclampsia and the HELLP syndrome. For blood pressure measurement, a number of peculiarities must be noted: thus, for example, in severe pre-eclampsia the circadian rhythm may reverse, with pressure increases in particular in the evening and at night. Ambulatory management may be permissible only in the case of pre-pregnancy and gestational hypertension, provided the blood pressure can be kept below 160/100. Restricting physical activity, and regular monitoring of weight, blood pressure and laboratory investigations usually suffice. If pre-eclampsia or the HELLP syndrome is suspected, the patient should be hospitalized without delay. A hypertensive crisis must prompt immediate measures to lower the blood pressure--but not too quickly, in order to avoid severe consequences for the fetus caused by inadequate uteroplacental perfusion.
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PMID:[Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. How long is ambulatory treatment enough?]. 1461 Aug 63


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