Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033377 (prolapse)
 11,717 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is hypothesized that although the overall metabolism of ethanol in the brain is very limited, a very small percentage of the brain tissue may carry out that little amount of metabolism. Specifically, hydrogen peroxide may be used as a co-substrate for the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde by catalase and the action of monoamine oxidase in the monoaminergic neurons would supply the hydrogen peroxide. This production of acetaldehyde may result in the formation of novel metabolites that provide the rewarding stimulus for the consumption of ethanol. To test this hypothesis, a reversible inhibitor of the A-isoform of monoamine oxidase, BW A616U, was compared to irreversible inhibitors of one or both MAO-A and B isoenzymes. Doses of 12.5-75 mg/kg p.o. BW A616U reduced the behavioral effects, ptosis and catalepsy, due to monoamine depletion by 2.5 mg/kg reserpine, but these signs of monoamine depletion were evident 24 h after injection. In the cyanamide-induced drinking rat, 50 mg/kg BW A616U reduced consumption of ethanol by 37%. Phenylzine, an irreversible MAO-A and B inhibitor, reduced consumption of ethanol by 67%, but also food consumption; however, the intake of both increased during the post-treatment period. The MAO-B inhibitor, R(-)-deprenyl, was without effect. Both BW A616U, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg i.p. clorgyline reduced the consumption of ethanol in the genetic drinking Myers high-ethanol preferring (mHEP) rat and reduced the proportion of ethanol consumed to total fluids by over 50%. Again, R(-)-deprenyl was without effect. Clorgyline also markedly reduced the intake of food during the 3-day treatment period, only. However, the consumption of ethanol remained depressed during the 4 days after either 75 mg/kg BW A616U or clorgyline. These data demonstrate that inhibition of MAO-A, but not MAO-B, reduces the volitional consumption of ethanol probably by preventing the formation of both biogenic aldehydes and acetaldehyde so that rewarding alkaloidal products cannot be formed.
 ...
PMID:On the role of monoamine oxidase-A for the maintenance of the volitional consumption of ethanol in two different rat models. 1223 45

Although the cranial nerves, their nuclei and related fiber tracts are crucial for a variety of oculomotor, somatomotor, somatosensory, auditory, vestibular-related, autonomic and ingestion-related functions, knowledge regarding the extent of their involvement in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) patients is incomplete. Accordingly, we performed a pathoanatomical analysis of these structures in six clinically diagnosed SCA2 patients. Unconventionally thick serial sections through the brainstem stained for lipofuscin pigment (aldehyde-fuchsin) and Nissl material (Darrow red) showed that all oculomotor, somatomotor, somatosensory, auditory, vestibular and autonomic cranial nerve nuclei may undergo neurodegeneration during SCA2. Similarly, examination of myelin-stained thick serial sections revealed that nearly all cranial nerves and associated fiber tracts may sustain atrophy and myelin loss in SCA2 patients. In view of the known functional role of the affected cranial nerves, their nuclei and associated fiber tracts, the present findings provide appropriate pathoanatomical explanations for some of the disease-related and unexplained symptoms seen in SCA2 patients: double vision, gaze palsy, slowing of saccades, ptosis, ingestion-related malfunctions, impairments of the optokinetic nystagmus and the vestibulo-ocular reaction, facial and tongue fasciculation-like movements, impaired centripetal transmission of temperature-related information from the face, dystonic posture of the neck, as well as abnormalities of the brainstem auditory evoked potentials.
 ...
PMID:Involvement of the cranial nerves and their nuclei in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). 1590 49