Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033377 (prolapse)
 11,717 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glutamate receptors are implicated in the development and expression of drug dependence. Substantial experimental evidence suggests that antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors attenuate the severity of opioid withdrawal. However, it is less clear whether opioid withdrawal can be potentiated by agonists of glutamate receptors. The present study evaluated the behavioural effects of various agonists of glutamate receptors, as well as a nitric oxide (NO) donor, in morphine-dependent rats trained to discriminate 0.1 mg/kg of naloxone from saline. None of the following drugs produced appreciable levels of naloxone-like responding (substitution tests) or potentiated the discriminative stimulus effects of naloxone: NMDA (3-56 mg/kg), glycine (100-1000 mg/kg), glutamate (1000-3000 mg/kg), kainate (0.3-3 mg/kg), isosorbide dinitrate (30-300 mg/kg). Nevertheless, expression of some morphine withdrawal-like somatic and behavioural signs ('wet-dog'-like shaking, scream on touch, ptosis, tremor, chewing, weight loss) was facilitated by NMDA, glycine, and isosorbide dinitrate. These results suggest that, compared to somatic symptoms, subjective effects of opioid withdrawal (as reflected by discriminative stimulus effects) are not mimicked by direct activation of glutamate receptors.
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PMID:Behavioural effects of glutamate receptor agonists in morphine-dependent rats. 1078 Aug 4

Glutamate has a key role in pain perception and also development of tolerance and dependence to morphine. It has been reported that clavulanic acid affects glutamatergic transmission via activation of glutamate transporter. Therefore the present study was aimed to evaluate the possible antinociceptive effect of clavulanic acid and its preventive activity against development of morphine tolerance and dependence in animal models. Male Swiss mice (25-30 g) were used in this study. Acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin test and hot plate method were used to assess the antinociceptive effect of clavulanic acid. Morphine (30 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered to the mice two times a day (8 AM and 4 PM) for 3 days in order to produce tolerance. To develop morphine dependence, morphine sulfate (50, 50 and 75 mg/kg) was injected at 8 and 12 AM and 16 PM respectively and for 3 consecutive days. Naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p) was used to induce morphine withdrawal syndrome and the number of jumps and presence of ptosis, piloerection, tremor, sniffing and diarrhea were recorded and compared with control group. Clavulanic acid at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg inhibited abdominal constriction and licking behavior of acetic acid and formalin-induced pain respectively. Clavulanic acid was not able to show any antinociception in hot plate model and could not prevent development of tolerance and dependence to morphine. Clavulanic acid has considerable antinociceptive activity and further studies are needed to clarify its exact mechanism.
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PMID:Antinociceptive effect of clavulanic acid and its preventive activity against development of morphine tolerance and dependence in animal models. 2565 3