Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalo-syndactyly type III, ACS III) is an autosomal dominant craniosynostosis with brachydactyly, soft tissue syndactyly and facial dysmorphism including ptosis, facial asymmetry and prominent ear crura. ACS III has been mapped to chromosome 7p21-22. Of interest, TWIST, the human counterpart of the murine Twist gene, has been localized on chromosome 7p21 as well. The Twist gene product is a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) domain, required in head mesenchyme for cranial neural tube morphogenesis in mice. The co-localisation of ACS III and TWIST prompted us to screen ACS III patients for TWIST gene mutations especially as mice heterozygous for Twist null mutations displayed skull defects and duplication of hind leg digits. Here, we report 21-bp insertions and nonsense mutations of the TWIST gene (S127X, E130X) in seven ACS III probands and describe impairment of head mesenchyme induction by TWIST as a novel pathophysiological mechanism in human craniosynostoses.
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PMID:Mutations of the TWIST gene in the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. 898 56

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, a common autosomal dominant craniosynostosis in humans, is characterized by brachydactyly, soft tissue syndactyly and facial dysmorphism including ptosis, facial asymmetry, and prominent ear crura. Previously, we identified a yeast artificial chromosome that encompassed the breakpoint of an apparently balanced t(6;7) (q16.2;p15.3) translocation associated with a mild form of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. We now describe, at the DNA sequence level, the region on chromosome 7 affected by this translocation event. The rearrangement occurred approximately 5 kb 3' of the human TWIST locus and deleted 518 bp of chromosome 7. The TWIST gene codes for a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) motif and has recently been described as a candidate gene for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, based on the detection of mutations within the coding region. Potential exon sequences flanking the chromosome 7 translocation breakpoint did not hit known genes in database searches. The chromosome rearrangement downstream of TWIST is compatible with the notion that this is a Saethre-Chotzen syndrome gene and implies loss of function of one allele by a positional effect as a possible mechanism of mutation to evoke the syndrome.
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PMID:Translocation breakpoint maps 5 kb 3' from TWIST in a patient affected with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. 921 78

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly type III) is a craniosynostosis syndrome inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Although similar to the other craniosynostosis syndromes in its clinical presentation, this syndrome is caused by a mutation in the TWIST1 gene. The TWIST1 gene product is a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain important in the development of the head and limbs. Clinical features of this syndrome include unilateral or bilateral coronal synostosis, ptosis, low-set ears, hearing loss, hypertelorism, maxillary hypoplasia, deviated nasal septum, broad great toes, clinodactyly, and syndactyly. We report a young girl with clinical features of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome who has a previously undescribed sequence variant in the TWIST1 gene, corresponding to p.R191M. The location of the altered amino acid in the Twist-box of TWIST1, the high conservation of this amino acid between different species, and the phenotype of the child all support a pathogenic role for this novel TWIST1 sequence alteration.
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PMID:Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: a case report. 1986 Apr 90