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The aim of this study was to determine whether pre-operative levator function and degree of ptosis affect surgical outcomes in children with congenital ptosis undergoing anterior levator resection under general anaesthesia. Retrospective cohort study. Children with 'simple' congenital ptosis who underwent anterior levator resection under general anaesthesia. Consecutive cases were reviewed with regards to achievement of the desired lid height (surgical success), and the influence of preoperative levator function and degree of ptosis. The amount of pre-operative levator function and degree of ptosis, with corresponding surgical outcomes. Forty-two lids (37 patients) were included in the study: 36 primary and 6 revision cases (which were excluded from analysis due to small sample size). Mean age was 7 years (range 3-17 years), with similar male to female ratio (1.2:1). The overall success rate for primary was 86%. There were small to moderate trends towards greater amount of levator resection for lower levator function (r2 = -0.25, p < 0.05) and higher degree of ptosis (r2 = 0.38, p < 0.05). All successful primary cases (n = 31) had pre-operative levator function of at least 8 mm. Levator resection in children under general anaesthesia continues to be an imprecise science. Degree of ptosis and levator function were poorly correlated to each other; however, there was an expected small to moderate correlation between resection amount and levator function (negative correlation) or degree of ptosis (positive correlation). Patients with levator function of 8mm or more are likely to have a successful outcome.
Orbit 2017 Oct
PMID:Levator resection for congenital ptosis: Does pre-operative levator function or degree of ptosis affect successful outcome? 2869 99

Acute dacryoadenitis with abscess formation has been rarely described. We describe four cases that resolved with incision and drainage. This includes a retrospective case series of four patients with radiologically confirmed lacrimal gland abscesses and a review of the reported cases in the literature. Computed tomography showed characteristic rim enhancing collections with central attenuation in all four cases. All patients presented with ptosis, upper eyelid erythema, and severe pain similar to scleritis. Injection of the conjunctiva and sclera was present in two patients, and a third patient presented with expression of purulent discharge onto the ocular surface upon palpation of the lacrimal gland. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics and underwent incision and drainage with subsequent improvement. All were monitored for 24 to 48 hours and discharged on oral antibiotics. There were no complications or recurrences. Lacrimal gland abscess formation is a rare complication of dacryoadenitis, and in our experience these patients respond well to incision and drainage in combination with systemic antibiotics.
Orbit 2017 Dec
PMID:Lacrimal gland abscesses: Case series and literature review. 2881 17

We investigated operative course and post-operative findings of patients undergoing primary enucleation for uveal melanoma versus those requiring secondary enucleation after brachytherapy. A retrospective chart review was performed with IRB approval on patients receiving treatment for uveal melanoma. Patients with enucleation as initial treatment and patients enucleated after plaque brachytherapy were analyzed for demographic data, operative course, and post-enucleation outcome. Further cause analysis for secondary enucleations was investigated. No significant difference was seen in age, laterality, or gender between the primarily enucleated (n = 54) and secondarily enucleated (n = 34) groups. Greater difficulty with surgery was noted in 28/32 (87.5%) of secondary enucleations compared to 1/54 (1.8%) of primary enucleations (p < 0.0001). Operative time was >2 hours in 3/51 (6%) of primary enucleations (vs. 8 of 32, 25%, p = 0.02). Average implant size was similar in the 2 groups (20.6 mm), however 2/34 (6%) of secondary enucleations required dermis fat grafting. Post-enucleation anophthalmic ptosis occurred after 8/49 (16%) of primary cases (vs. 13/30, 43%, p = 0.02) and prosthetic enophthalmos after none (0%) of primary cases (vs. 5/30, 17%, p = 0.006). Class 2 gene expression profile was found in 6/8 (60%) of eyes enucleated for treatment failure. Secondary enucleation performed after plaque brachytherapy was technically more difficult, and had more anophthalmic socket and eyelid complications compared to primary enucleation for uveal melanoma. Primary enucleation may avoid additional surgery and morbidity in a subset of patients with contraindications to plaque brachytherapy.
Orbit 2017 Dec
PMID:Comparison of primary and secondary enucleation for uveal melanoma. 2881 19

The authors analyzed the cosmetic and functional results of a series of patients with unilateral congenital ptosis who underwent levator resection, to compare the outcome of surgery according to the age of intervention, and to evaluate the chance of ptosis recurrence in different age groups. Analysis of the clinical charts of 44 patients who underwent a unilateral levator muscle resection under the care of one surgeon from February 2000 to March 2012 was performed. Age at the time of surgery ranged from 2.1 to 12 years. The study population was divided into different groups according to the age of surgery. Preoperative evaluation included measurements of upper eyelid margin reflex distance (MRD1), levator function, frontalis function, and complete extraocular motility examination. This study adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The patients' follow-up ranged between 2 and 12 years. The outcome of surgery was more satisfactory (MRD1 increase: p < 0.002) and the increase of levator function was better (p < 0.0001) when surgery was performed in children aged 2 to 4 years. No ptosis recurrence was observed in children aged 2 to 4 years, as opposed to 6 (22%) children of other groups (p = 0.067). Unilateral levator resection effectively reduces the asymmetry between eyelids. The age of the operation appears to influence the outcome of surgery, as in this series cosmetic and functional results are better and the rate of ptosis recurrence is lower if the child is operated on before the age of 4 years.
Orbit 2017 Dec
PMID:Timing of surgical correction for the treatment of unilateral congenital ptosis: Effects on cosmetic and functional results. 2881 34

A 58-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with left ptosis and complete ophthalmoplegia. Imaging demonstrated a left orbital abscess. Her past medical history included cavitatory lung disease and "aseptic" meningitis 2 months previously. An anaerobic organism and commensal of the oral flora, Peptostreptococcus sp., was cultured from the orbital abscess. The patient was found to have a carious upper molar with chronic buccal abscess, which was extracted. This case presents an uncommon pathogen arising from an odontogenic infection as the etiology for orbital abscess, cavitatory lung disease, and meningitis in one patient.
Orbit 2017 Dec
PMID:Odontogenic orbital abscess with intracranial and pulmonary involvement. 2881 40

A 69-year-old man, previously treated with pyridostigmine for myasthenia gravis (manifesting as ptosis and diplopia) was evaluated for several concomitant bilateral anterior orbital masses. Imaging revealed 3 discrete, solid masses within and around the orbits. An incisional biopsy demonstrated atypical lymphocytes positive for CD20 and Cyclin-D1, consistent with mantle cell lymphoma. The patient received induction chemotherapy with a rituximab-based regimen. He experienced resolution of his diplopia and ptosis after one cycle of chemotherapy and achieved complete remission of the orbital masses and myasthenia symptoms after 6 cycles. Myasthenia gravis is most commonly associated with thymoma, but may also be observed with other malignancies. Recognition that orbital lymphoma may coexist with myasthenia gravis will help in expediting the diagnosis of future cases and in guiding treatment decisions.
Orbit 2017 Dec
PMID:Orbital mantle cell lymphoma presenting as myasthenia gravis. 2882 Mar 10

Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome, also known as Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, is a rare hereditary disorder, which affects both bones and skin. It is characterized by a combination of dermatologic changes (pachydermia or thickening of the skin) and rheumatologic manifestations (periostosis and finger clubbing). Eyelid ptosis which is caused by thickened eyelids (blepharoptosis) is a less common symptom. We report the case of a patient with a complete form of Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome with bilateral blepharoptosis as presenting feature.
Orbit 2018 Apr
PMID:Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome. 2904 27

Basosquamous carcinoma is a rare, highly aggressive variant of basal cell carcinoma with elevated rates of recurrence, perineural invasion, and metastasis. We describe a patient who presented with unilateral complete ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, optic neuropathy, and trigeminal neuropathy due to perineural intracranial invasion of nasal basosquamous carcinoma via the sphenopalatine fossa to the cavernous sinus, orbit, and infratemporal fossa. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of basosquamous carcinoma with perineural invasion involving the cavernous sinus in the English language ophthalmic literature. Physicians should be aware of the diagnostic features, clinical challenges and aggressive nature of basosquamous carcinoma, a rare diagnosis that can lead to significant morbidity/mortality when left unrecognized.
Orbit 2018 Apr
PMID:Perineural spread of basosquamous carcinoma to the orbit, cavernous sinus, and infratemporal fossa. 2905 47

Intracranial hypotension (ICH) is characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure, postural headaches, and diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A variety of ophthalmoparetic manifestations have been reported in the context of the ICH. The authors describe an unusual case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with rapid onset of headaches, bilateral upper-lid ptosis, and blurring of vision within 4 days after sustaining a trivial head injury. She was noted to have bilateral symmetrical ophthalmoplegia and ptosis-simulating chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. MRI revealed characteristic features of ICH. Subsequent autologous epidural patch therapy led to resolution of the headache and imaging findings; however, her ptosis and motility disorder persisted. Despite existing therapeutic measures for ICH, irreversible cranial nerve damage may ensue due to significant cerebral decent or ischemic injury.
Orbit 2018 Oct
PMID:Intracranial hypotension mimicking chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. 2930 Jun 76

A 9-year-old girl was reviewed by a tertiary ophthalmology service after being hit in her right upper eyelid by a fish whilst swimming. Initial wound exploration demonstrated fish scales in the wound. She was first treated conservatively with washout of the 5-mm wound and was discharged with oral ciprofloxacin. Five days later, the patient re-presented with a worsened ptosis due to periorbital swelling. Ultrasound of the upper lid demonstrated a foreign body in the upper lid. The patient was taken to theatre and, with the assistance of intraoperative ultrasound, the jaws of a needle fish were removed from the upper lid. The case highlights the importance of ultrasound and its intraoperative utility in cases of trauma and a suspicion of retained foreign bodies as well as the potential danger of fish injuries off the West Australian coast.
Orbit 2019 Jun
PMID:A fishy eyelid injury. 2946 22


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