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 11,717 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Contradictory two-dimensional echocardiographic findings have been reported in relation to the role of prolapse of the mitral valve and lack of systolic leaflet coaptation in mitral regurgitation secondary to coronary heart disease. A prospective study of 22 patients with chronic coronary heart disease and mitral regurgitation showed the following: Inferior akinesia was detected in 14 (64%), fibrosis of the postero-medial papillary muscle in 10 (45%), and prolapse of the mitral valve in nine (41%). A combination of the three signs was seen in six patients (27%). Lack of systolic leaflet coaptation was seen in only two patients, both with anterior myocardial infarction. When these results are compared with those reported in the literature, it is apparent that in acute coronary heart disease, lack of leaflet coaptation is frequently visualized (P less than 0.01) and fibrosis of the postero-medial papillary muscle and prolapse of the mitral valve are lacking (P less than 0.01). A unitary explanation of all forms of mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease is misleading; mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease depend on the clinical presentation--acute or chronic, the site of infarction, and the presence of cardiac dilatation.
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PMID:Different mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in acute and chronic forms of coronary heart disease. 664 50

Numerous tests have been proposed to search for a possible antidepressive action. Many of these tests are based on a reversal of different reserpine effects, an approach justified mainly by the use of most the classic or new antidepressants. Three effects of reserpine were examined in mice: hypothermia, ptosis and akinesia. All tests were performed with reserpine 2.5 mg/kg, and the drugs were injected 4 h after reserpine administration. In these three models, we studied the relatively specific effects of 21 drugs known for their influence on the metabolism or action of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), serotonin and dopamine. Our results suggest that hypothermia antagonism is only obtained with drugs stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors directly or indirectly, ptosis antagonism with those stimulating alpha-adrenergic or serotonergic receptors, and akinesia antagonism with those stimulating dopaminergic receptors.
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PMID:The value of the reserpine test in psychopharmacology. 668 96

In singly- and group-housed cats, an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in doses up to 1.0 mg, after a latent period of 1 to 3 days, evoked motor responses including tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness with adynamia and clonic-tonic convulsions. However, the intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA in a dose of 2.0 mg in group-housed cats, also after a latent period of 1 to 3 days, caused aggression, a restlessness, irritability, rage, fear, threat, attack, fighting and flight. These responses were accompanied by autonomic signs of mydriasis and dyspnoea and motor changes including tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness with adynamia and clinic-tonic convulsions. In the singly-housed cat only the latter motor phenomena were observed after the higher dose. Intraventricular injection of reserpine (0.5-1.0 mg) in both singly- and group-housed cats produced catalepsy, sedation, miosis, ptosis, defecation and micturition as well as motor responses of tremor, rigidity and akinesia. It is concluded that although 6-OHDA and reserpine evoke different behavioral effects, the motor changes are similar.
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PMID:Comparison of behavioral changes in cats treated with intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine. 719 23

To gain insight into the antiparkinsonian effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine receptor stimulation, we examined the ability of D1 (SKF 38393) and D2 (quinpirole) agonists to reverse catalepsy induced by the combined administration of reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) in rats. Catalepsy, the failure to correct an externally imposed posture, is a measure of akinesia and was assessed using the bar test. Rats injected with reserpine alone (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) developed akinesia and ptosis within 60-90 min. The D1 agonist SKF 38393 (30 mg/kg i.v.) rapidly reversed ptosis and restored near-normal mobility when administered 24 h after reserpine and AMPT; catalepsy was reversed for 90 min, after which the drug effect wore off. Quinpirole (1 mg/kg i.v.) reversed catalepsy for the duration of the test period (4 h) but did not consistently reverse ptosis or promote normal mobility; the rats continued to exhibit kyphotic postures with little spontaneous locomotion. These results indicate that selective D1 stimulation is sufficient to reverse reserpine-induced akinesia and highlight the need for the development of potent selective D1 agonists for clinical trial in Parkinson's disease. In severe dopamine depletion, D2 stimulation alone appears to be insufficient to restore normal movement. Quinpirole, but not SKF 38393, elicited paroxysmal limb/body jerking in reserpine-AMPT-treated rats, providing further evidence that atypical jerking can be elicited by D2 stimulation in the complete absence of D1 stimulation. This laboratory observation suggests that some jerking dyskinesias seen in treated parkinsonian patients may be mediated by an imbalance in D1-D2 receptor stimulation.
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PMID:Reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy by selective D1 and D2 dopamine agonists. 790 61

Mitral regurgitation (MR) was evaluated by color Doppler echocardiography during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 28 patients with one-vessel artery disease (left anterior descending artery in 11, right coronary artery in 8, and circumflex artery in 9) and normal left ventricular function. In all three groups, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion score index (WMSI) decreased significantly during artery occlusion in comparison with baseline values (no differences among various groups). Anterior and inferior akinesia/dyskinesia was observed in all patients during left anterior descending and right coronary artery occlusion, respectively. Lateral akinesia/dyskinesia was induced by occlusion of the circumflex artery in six patients (all with proximal lesions [p < 0.05 vs the other two groups]) and the right coronary artery in one. Only the six patients with circumflex artery occlusion showed PTCA-related MR (> 2+ in two). LVEF and WMSI were similar during artery occlusion in patients with and without MR. Neither mitral leaflet prolapse nor anulus dilation occurred during PTCA in any of the patients. Our data show that during brief occlusion of the proximal circumflex artery, functional MR (usually mild) frequently occurs in relation to specific lateral akinesia/dyskinesia.
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PMID:Color Doppler study of mitral regurgitation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. 819 73

Emotional disturbances, such as lack of motivation or depression, are common after stroke. The drugs mainly used to treat these syndromes in Japan are the cerebral metabolic enhancers whose biochemical and pharmacological profiles are similar to those of antidepressant drugs. In order to examine the possible therapeutic effect of T-794 [(5R)-3-(6-(cyclopropylmethoxy) 2-naphthalenyl)-5-(methoxymethyl) 2-oxazolidone], a new reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, on those emotional disturbances, its antidepressant activity was compared with those of major cerebral metabolic enhancers in rodents with or without treatment of cerebral ischemia. Oral administration of T-794 potently prevented reserpine-induced ptosis (ED50 = 4.41 mg/kg), akinesia (ED50 = 3.29 mg/kg), and hypothermia (minimum effective dose = 3 mg/kg) in mice. It was at least 3.7, 13.0, and 3.3 times more potent than cerebral metabolic enhancers tested (indeloxazine, bifemelane, amantadine and idebenone) in antagonism of the ptosis, the akinesia, and the hypothermia, respectively. Effect of T-794 was also examined in the behavioral despair test in rats subjected to forebrain ischemia. The ischemia was induced by a combination of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (15 min) and systemic hypotension (sodium nitroprusside 5 mg/kg, s.c). From 13 d after the surgery, drugs were orally administered twice daily 7 times, and following the last administration rats were assessed for their behavior. T-794 reduced the duration of immobility in the behavioral despair test at 30 mg/kg without affecting spontaneous motor activity, whereas indeloxazine showed no significant effect. Antidepressant-like activity of T-794 was suggested in rodents with as well as those without cerebral ischemia. The results suggest that T-794 may make an important contribution to the treatment of emotional disturbances following stroke.
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PMID:Possible therapeutic effect of T-794, a novel reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A, on post-stroke emotional disturbances, assessed in animal models of depression. 914 8

We studied the clinical features and molecular genetics of a family, afflicted with a form of atypical parkinsonism, originating from the Madeira Islands of Portugal. We examined four affected individuals and reviewed clinical information on one other affected family member. Mean age at onset was 31 years. Parkinsonism (akinesia, rigidity, gait disturbance) was the most prominent feature in advanced disease. Levodopa responsiveness with peak-dose dyskinesia was present in one individual. Initial symptoms and other clinical features were variable and included other extrapyramidal signs (dystonia, action tremor of the limbs and bulbar muscles, synkinesis), ophthalmologic abnormalities (ptosis, slow saccades, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, hypometric saccades, saccadic pursuit movements), speech abnormalities (dysarthria, hypernasality), cortical impairment (dementia, frontal lobe dysfunction, palilalia, perseveration), minor cerebellar signs (dysmetria, gait ataxia), pyramidal abnormalities (spasticity, hyperreflexia), and peripheral nervous system abnormalities (propioceptive loss, areflexia, distal weakness, atrophy). The length of trinucleotide repeats in the MJD1 gene was in the normal range for all affected individuals.
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PMID:Atypical parkinsonism in a family of Portuguese ancestry: absence of CAG repeat expansion in the MJD1 gene. 915 59

We have evaluated the effects of the volume and speed of administration of local anaesthetic during peribulbar anaesthesia. One hundred and forty patients scheduled for cataract surgery were randomly allocated to one of four groups of 35. Each patient received an injection of the same mixture of lignocaine, bupivacaine and hyaluronidase. Patients in group A were given 9 ml at a speed of 5 ml.min-1, group B were given the same volume at 12 ml.min-1, group C were given 13.5 ml at 5 ml.min-1 and group D were given 13.5 ml at 12 ml.min-1. A significantly higher incidence of satisfactory akinesia was found in group D, whose pain score at injection was no higher than for the other groups. Large volumes of local anaesthetic significantly affected intra-ocular pressure. The incidences of early and late ptosis or diplopia were not affected by either the rate of injection or the volume of local anaesthetic.
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PMID:The effects of volume and speed of injection in peribulbar anaesthesia. 965 24

Inborn errors of catecholamine biosynthesis are rare but of great interest as they are genetic disorders, and in some, treatment may completely reverse severe neurological abnormalities. They also provide insights into the action of the biogenic amines in the developing brain. We describe the clinical course of an infant with tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) deficiency over a 30-month period. The parents are consanguineous, and genetic analysis revealed the infant to be homozygous for the common G698A mutation in the TOH gene. TOH deficiency can be seen as a model of pure catecholamine deficiency. Experimental evidence, reports of other disorders of biogenic amines, and our experience with this infant suggest that the symptoms of catecholamine deficiency in infancy can be broadly subdivided. Signs of dopamine deficiency include tremor, hypersensitivity to levadopa (L-dopa) therapy, oculogyric crises, akinesia, rigidity, and dystonia. Manifestations of norepinephrine deficiency include ptosis, miosis, profuse oropharyngeal secretions, and postural hypotension. Hypersensitivity to L-dopa was a particular management problem in this infant.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency: clinical manifestations of catecholamine insufficiency in infancy. 1192 Nov 23

Brain dopamine is critically involved in movement control, and its deficiency is the primary cause of motor symptoms in Parkinson disease. Here we report development of an animal model of acute severe dopamine deficiency by using mice lacking the dopamine transporter. In the absence of transporter-mediated recycling mechanisms, dopamine levels become entirely dependent on de novo synthesis. Acute pharmacological inhibition of dopamine synthesis in these mice induces transient elimination of striatal dopamine accompanied by the development of a striking behavioral phenotype manifested as severe akinesia, rigidity, tremor, and ptosis. This phenotype can be reversed by administration of the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA, or by nonselective dopamine agonists. Surprisingly, several amphetamine derivatives were also effective in reversing these behavioral abnormalities in a dopamine-independent manner. Identification of dopamine transporter- and dopamine-independent locomotor actions of amphetamines suggests a novel paradigm in the search for prospective anti-Parkinsonian drugs.
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PMID:Dopamine-independent locomotor actions of amphetamines in a novel acute mouse model of Parkinson disease. 1605 Jul 78


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