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Query: UMLS:C0033377 (prolapse)
 11,717 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The oculocardiac reflex is described as the triad of bradycardia, nausea, and faintness evoked by the stretching of ocular muscles, or by pressure on or within the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb of this reflex; the efferent limb is the vagus nerve to the heart. This reflex was noted to occur from traction on the levator aponeurosis in five of 36 patients with ptosis, and from traction on the retractors of the lower eyelid in three of 11 patients with entropion. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of eliciting this reflex by stretching the muscles of the eyelid. Electrocardiogram monitoring for early recognition of these cases, and the availability of an intravenous line with atropine for prompt treatment are strongly recommended. Careful manipulation of the upper and lower eyelid retractors and preoperative atropine therapy may help to reduce the incidence of this reflex.
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PMID:The blepharocardiac reflex. 67 82

Hard palate mucosa grafts are an excellent replacement for tarsus and conjunctiva in eyelid reconstruction. Twenty-five eyelids from 18 patients underwent eyelid reconstruction using hard palate mucosa grafts. Patients were treated for a variety of disorders including postblepharoplasty lower eyelid retraction, cicatricial entropion, eyelid retraction secondary to thyroid eye disease, and lagophthalmos following surgery for paralytic ptosis. Surgical results were evaluated, grafts were measured for postoperative shrinkage, and donor site healing was recorded. Several patients had hard palate biopsy specimens evaluated. One of these patients also had a graft biopsied after it had been in place for 3 months. A review of hard palate anatomy and histology and a discussion of surgical technique are presented.
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PMID:Eyelid reconstruction with hard palate mucosa grafts. 819 78

In patients with congenital anophthalmos and severe microphthalmos, a tiny orbit and socket exist with little eyelids, frequently preventing retention of a standard conformer or prosthesis. Socket expansion is sometimes impossible with microorbitism; the retention of a prosthesis is also difficult when malformations of the eyelids exist. The treatment of these difficult cases includes three stages. The first stage is orbital expansion that depends on the cephalometric studies of the patient: transverse osteotomy on the maxilla and the zygomatic bone with lateral bar by extracranial route, vertical osteotomy on the roof of the orbit by intracranial route. In some cases, the osteotomy includes expansion in the transverse and vertical diameter with bone grafts in the defects and on the lateral and superior rims. Simultaneously, socket expansion is performed by incision of the conjunctival sac circumferentially, with mucosal or split skin grafts on a conformer. The second stage includes eyelid reconstruction by different flaps. A third stage is frequently needed for correction of eyelid malposition on the prosthesis: ptosis, entropion surgery. Two cases of congenital anophthalmos are reported. Methods and indications of treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Orbito-palpebral reconstruction in anophthalmos and severe congenital microphthalmos. 145 71

The typical signs of the postenucleation socket syndrome consist of enopthalmos, shallow lower fornix, lower lid laxity and entropion, and ptosis. It causes discomfort and can render the bearing of a prosthesis uncomfortable or impossible. The signs must be corrected in single or combined procedures. The lower fornix and the lids can be corrected with good success, enophthalmos is difficult to correct, however.
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PMID:[Orbitoplasty in patients with artificial eyes]. 161 17

We present our experience (at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) with the management of the trachomatous eyelid disease. Four major eyelid complications: cicatricial entropion, eyelid retraction, secondary blepharospasm and brow ptosis, are described and their management outlined. Nine hundred sixty patients with cicatricial entropion are presented with thorough discussion of the surgical procedures and results. The surgical management of eyelid retraction, blepharospasm and brow ptosis is geared to provide the ophthalmologist with a complete overview of the disease pattern.
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PMID:Eyelid complications in trachoma: diagnosis and management. 187 38

Eyelid involution affects all the tissues of the lid, including the tarsotendinous band and the levator muscle. Dermatochalasis can be complicated by ptosis, entropion or ectropion, which must be taken into account during assessment and treatment.
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PMID:[The aging eyelid]. 189 2

This paper presents the findings in a series of 30 patients with blepharochalasis, including the age of onset, sex, predisposing factors, symptoms and signs, frequency and duration of attacks, and length of the history. There were 16 bilateral and 14 unilateral cases. The condition can be divided into an active (early) and a quiescent (late) stage. The active stage is further subdivided into intumescent (hypertrophic) and atrophic forms. The sequelae included excess thin skin, fat herniation, lacrimal gland prolapse, ptosis, blepharophimosis, pseudoepicanthic fold, proptosis, conjunctival injection and cysts, entropion, and ectorpion. Surgery primarily involved blepharoplasty, ptosis correction, and lateral canthal reattachment alone or in combination. The pathology showed a variable picture of epithelial atrophy, vasculitis, and loss of elastic fibers, which did not greatly help to differentiate blepharochalasis from angioedema, lymphedema, dermatochalasis, tumors and infiltrations, and floppy lid syndromes. Blepharochalasis is probably a localized angioedema. The diagnosis depends on the clinical features of intermittent attacks of localized swelling affecting one or more eyelids associated with thinning of the skin giving either an intumescent (hypertrophic) or atrophic appearance in the active stage of the condition and progressing to atrophic changes in the quiescent (late) stage.
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PMID:Blepharochalasis. A review of 30 cases. 191 19

The eyelids not only protect the ocular globe, but also keep it wet and transparent. In the case of a palpebral wound the survival of the ocular globe is perhaps at stake. Corrective reconstruction of a palpebral wound must be considered as quickly as possible in order to restore eyelid shape and mobility. A facial emergency must be treated along the lines of an immediate reconstruction. A completely successful restoration must see to the prevention of complications associated, on one hand to poor adaptation of the wounded edge engendering a deformed eyelid, a coloboma at the free edge, malpositioning (entropion or ectropion), or an acquired ptosis. On the other hand, stenosis of the lacrymal canaliculus will lead to epiphora. Both complications present later difficulties for treatment.
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PMID:[Eyelid injuries]. 225 33

The ocular adnexal tissues share the progressive loss of tone and bulk, common to many aging tissues. As a result of these progressive involutional changes lid anatomy is altered inducing senile ptosis, ectropions, entropions, canthal laxity and epitheliomas. A better understanding of these conditions allows more appropriate surgical management. Senile ptosis is an acquired ptosis usually due to dehiscence or disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis (below the orbital septum); surgery aims to reattach it to the tarsal plate via either anterior or posterior approach. Senile ectropions and entropions share several aetiologic factors: horizontal laxity, lid retractors, laxity migration of the preseptal orbicularis for senile entropion; stretching of the canthal tendons, secondary skin retraction and conjunctival thickening for senile ectropion. The entropion requires the association of horizontal lid shortening, lower eyelid retractors shortening, skin blepharoplasty with deep sutures (between preseptal and pretarsal orbicularis). In some cases of senile ectropions, the horizontal shortening of the eyelid by a full-thickness pentagon resection with shortening of the lower eyelid retractors must be associated with a medial canthal tendon plication and skin graft.
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PMID:[The aging eyelid]. 225 34

Ptosis may develop after cataract surgery because of a dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis. A series of patients undergoing entropion repair was examined in order to determine the mechanism of entropion and the correlation with cataract surgery. It is suggested that involutional senile entropion may develop related to cataract surgery, on the same basis as ptosis, due to disinsertion of the capsulopalpebral fascia. It is suggested that the cataract surgeon should examine the patient closely for preoperative entropion to prevent or anticipate the development of frank entropion after the cataract surgery.
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PMID:Association of entropion with cataract surgery. 226 96


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