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 11,717 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The response of eye movements to edrophonium is easily missed by clinical observation alone. Binocular horizontal ten degree saccades were recorded by infrared oculography, whilst the vision of one eye was occluded, before and after fatigue repeated intravenous injection of dilute edrophonium, and fatigue induced during anticholinesterase inhibition by intravenous edrophonium, in 26 patients with diplopia or ptosis of uncertain aetiology. The most reliable criterion of a positive response was an increase in the amplitude of the saccades of the fixating eye by 10% or more after each of several injections of dilute edrophonium. The response was positive in 13 patients and was difficult to observe clinically when the responses of the saccades of the eyes moving conjugately were unequal and when the patient presented with ptosis and no diplopia. Edrophonium infrared oculography proved to be a sensitive test for weakness due to the neuromuscular junction defect of myasthenia gravis affecting extraocular muscles.
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PMID:Edrophonium test in myasthenia: quantitative oculography. 358 98

Amnioinfusion is a commonly practiced technique used for intrapartum improvement of the fetal condition. Room temperature normal saline (0.9 per cent) infused through an intrauterine pressure catheter has been used to alleviate variable decelerations, dilute thick meconium, and improve the intrauterine environment. Randomized studies comparing amnioinfusion to no therapy have shown that amnioinfusion is associated with lower cesarean delivery rates, decreased numbers of operative deliveries, and improved umbilical artery and venous blood gas values. Amnioinfusion also has been suggested as means to instill antibiotics into an infected uterine cavity, or the uterine cavity of a woman with preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Transabdominal amnioinfusion may be used to improved prenatal ultrasound evaluation in pregnancies associated with oligohydramnios. Complications of amnioinfusion include umbilical cord prolapse, uterine overdistention, fetal bradycardia, and one report of possible amniotic fluid embolism. Overall, amnioinfusion seems to be a safe and effective technique to improve the intrauterine milieu.
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PMID:Amnioinfusion: a review. 830 65

Abnormal amniotic fluid volume may be both the result and the cause of complications at various stages of pregnancy. This review focuses on evidence from randomised trials of the effectiveness of amnioinfusion. Attempts to prevent the development of pulmonary hypoplasia by means of transabdominal amnioinfusion to correct severe oligohydramnios in the middle trimester of pregnancy have not been evaluated by randomised trials. Long-term transcervical amnioinfusion for prelabour rupture of the membranes has shown promising results in prospective studies, but has also not been subjected to randomised evaluation. Transcervical amnioinfusion during labour is a relatively simple procedure. Normal saline is infused through an intrauterine catheter, preferably one with a catheter-tip pressure transducer. Once an adequate volume of amniotic fluid has been achieved, it is maintained by means of a slow continuous infusion or repeated bolus infusions. Amnioinfusion has been used to prevent or treat fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations thought to be due to oligohydramnios. In several rather small randomised trials, amnioinfusion has been associated with a reduction in FHR decelerations, caesarean sections, low Apgar scores, low umbilical arterial pH values and postpartum endometritis. Amnioinfusion has also been used to dilute thick meconium-staining of the amniotic fluid. In trials for this indication, amnioinfusion has been associated with similar benefits, and in addition a reduction in meconium presence below the vocal cords, meconium aspiration syndrome and the need for neonatal ventilation. Larger trials are needed to determine whether amnioinfusion is associated with an effect on perinatal mortality, and whether complications such as umbilical cord prolapse are increased.
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PMID:Amnioinfusion. 881 96

One of the limitations to the use of botulinum toxin is the risk of diffusion of its action to adjacent muscles. This study shows that this diffusion can be limited by increasing the toxin concentration, controlling the angle of the needle and limiting bleeding due to the injection by digital pressure and by the addition of adrenaline to the physiological saline used to dilute the toxin. A 0.5 ml syringe with integrated needle is used. As a result of these various elements, the zones of action of botulinum toxin are more precise and correspond to those of frontal endoscopy. Forehead wrinkles can therefore be reduced in combination with harmonious eyebrow elevation. The risks of ptosis are decreased, and problems related to muscle atrophy are minimized.
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PMID:[Botulinum toxin and facial wrinkles: a new injection procedure]. 988 92

Patients who present with uncontrolled esophageal acid reflux symptoms require endoscopy to determine the presence or absence of ulcers and stenoses, acid reflux testing to determine if acid reflux is present, and manometry to evaluate esophageal peristalsis and spastic states. These studies are usually done in stages, at separate times. Esophageal manometry catheters currently in use have an incorporated infusion channel. This allows instillation of a dilute acid meal after esophageal manometry has been completed. Standard acid reflux testing can then be done using dynamic positioning and physiologic maneuvers. When combined with an esophagogastroduodenas copy (EGD), these three studies provide all information necessary within 2-3 h to determine further treatment of these patients. A total of 210 patients underwent these studies. A hiatus hernia was present in 84%. An ineffective lower esophageal sphincter was found in 64%. Esophageal hypocontractility was present in 18%, hypercontractility in 14%, and dysmotility in 36%. Upper esophageal sphincter was weak in 42%, hypercontractile in 42%, and dysmotile in 32%. Acid reflux disease was found in the hiatus hernia in 14% and acid reflux to the level of the lower esophagus in 16%, middle esophagus in 13%, and upper esophagus in 40%. Distal esophagitis was present in 47%, esophageal ulceration in 29%, gastric prolapse in 11%, gastritis in 52%, bile reflux disease in 10%, and Barrett's epithelium in 5%. In conclusion, an extremely high number of patients with esophageal acid reflux disease show dysmotility patterns. Standard acid reflux testing using dynamic positioning will identify most patients with significant acid reflux disease. When combined with an EGD, complete testing for acid reflux disease can be performed at one setting. Further study is needed comparing dynamic acid reflux testing to 24-h pH testing.
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PMID:Standard acid reflux testing revisited. 1131 39

Unilateral internal and external ophthalmoplegia caused by an intracranial meningioma occurred in a 15-year-old Belgian Sheepdog. The dog initially presented with ventro-lateral strabismus of the left eye, and ptosis of the left upper eyelid. Anisocoria was present with the left pupil fixed and dilated. Both eyes were visual. Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation revealed a lesion located in the left oculomotor nerve. Pharmacological testing with dilute pilocarpine (0.1% in artificial tears) revealed evidence of parasympathetic denervation of the left eye. Further evaluation via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-defined mass to the left of midline and lateral to the sella turcica. An attempt was made to excise/debulk the mass due to worsening conditions and the dog died the following day. Necropsy revealed a mass of randomly arranged bundles and streams of spindle cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a strong avidity for vimentin and a negative response for S-100 protein. These findings suggest a diagnosis of meningioma.
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PMID:Unilateral external and internal ophthalmoplegia caused by intracranial meningioma in a dog. 1139 75

This report highlights transient Horner's syndrome and trigeminal nerve palsy following labor epidural analgesia. A 29-year-old primigravida had a lumbar epidural catheter placed for analgesia in labor. The analgesia was maintained by infusion of a dilute local anesthetic/opioid mixture and turned off after achieving complete cervical dilation. Approximately 1 hour after delivery she complained of heaviness in her left eyelid, and was noted to have left-sided ptosis and paresthesia within the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve, which resolved over the next 2 hours. There were no other neurologic changes. Horner's syndrome and cranial nerve palsies can occur as a consequence of epidural analgesia for labor.
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PMID:Horner's syndrome and trigeminal nerve palsy after lumbar epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. 1247 90

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) has been recently identified as a new small pupil syndrome during phacoemulsification. This syndrome is characterized by three intraoperative features: a flaccid iris stroma that undulates and bellows in response to intraocular fluid currents; a propensity for the floppy iris stroma to prolapse toward the tip of phacoemulsification and side-port incisions despite proper wound construction; and progressive intraoperative pupil constriction despite standard preventive preoperative pharmacologic measures designed to prevent this. It is now mostly considered that IFIS is associated with the use of tamsolusin, a highly selective alpha-1A receptor antagonist for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. It is recommended that a careful history of the use of alpha-1 blocking agents be taken before cataract surgery to anticipate the occurrence of IFIS. A combination of strategies could decrease the complications of IFIS. These procedures include preoperative use of atropine, intracameral injection of dilute phenylephrine or epinephrine, the use of super-cohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical devices, lower phacoemulsification vacuum and aspiration settings and various iris hooks or pupil dilators.
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PMID:[Clinical research of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome during operation]. 1918 77

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) as a therapeutic or prophylactic procedure for breast cancer is rapidly gaining popularity as the literature continues to support it safety. The lateral inframammary fold (IMF) approach provides adequate exposure and eliminates visible scars on the anterior surface of the breast, making this incision cosmetically superior to radial or periareolar approaches. We reviewed 55 consecutive NSMs performed through a lateral IMF incision with immediate implant-based reconstruction, with or without tissue expansion, between June 2008 and June 2011. Prior to incision, breasts were lightly infiltrated with dilute anesthetic solution with epinephrine. Sharp dissection, rather than electrocautery, was used as much as possible to minimize thermal injury to the mastectomy flap. When indicated, acellular dermal matrix was placed as an inferolateral sling. Subsequent fat grafting to correct contour deformities was performed in select patients. Three-dimensional (3D) photographs assessed changes in volume, antero-posterior projection, and ptosis. Mean patient age was 46 years, and mean follow-up time was 12 months. Twelve mastectomies (22%) were therapeutic, and the remaining 43 (78%) were prophylactic. Seven of the nine sentinel lymph node biopsies (including one axillary dissection) (78%) were performed through the lateral IMF incision without the need for a counter-incision. Acellular dermal matrix was used in 34 (62%) breasts. Average permanent implant volume was 416 cc (range 176-750 cc), and average fat grafting volume was 86 cc (range 10-177 cc). In one patient a positive intraoperative subareolar biopsy necessitated resection of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), and in two other patients NAC resection was performed at a subsequent procedure based on the final pathology report. Mastectomy flap necrosis, requiring operative debridement, occurred in two breasts (4%), both in the same patient. One of these breasts required a salvage latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to complete the reconstruction. Three nipples (6%) required office debridement for partial necrosis and operative reconstruction later. No patient had complete nipple necrosis. No statistically significant differences existed between therapeutic and prophylactic mastectomies for developing partial skin and/or nipple necrosis (p = 0.35). Three episodes (5%) of cellulitis occurred, which responded to antibiotics without the need for explantation. Morphological outcomes using 3D scan measurements showed reconstructed breasts were larger, more projected, and less ptotic than the preoperative breasts (196 versus 248 cc, 80 versus 90 mm, 146 versus 134 mm, p < 0.01 for each parameter). Excellent results can be achieved with immediate implant-based reconstruction of NSM through a lateral IMF incision. NAC survival is reliable, and complication rates are low.
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PMID:The lateral inframammary fold incision for nipple-sparing mastectomy: outcomes from over 50 immediate implant-based breast reconstructions. 2325 5