Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ramified microglia in the adult central nervous system (CNS) are the principal glial element up-regulating MHC class I and II expression in response to inflammatory events or neuronal damage. A proportion of these cells also express MHC class II constitutively in the normal CNS. The role of microglia as APCs for CD4+ T cells extravasating into the CNS remains undefined. In this study, using irradiation bone marrow chimeras in CD45-congenic rats, the phenotype CD45lowCD11b/c+ is shown to identify microglial cells specifically within the CNS. Highly purified populations of microglia and nonmicroglial but CNS-associated macrophages (CD45highCD11b/c+) have been obtained directly from the adult CNS, by using flow cytometric sorting. Morphologically, freshly isolated microglia vs other CNS macrophages are quite distinct. Of the two populations recovered from the normal CNS, it is the minority CD45highCD11b/c+ transitional macrophage population, and not microglia, that is the effective APC for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-inducing CD4+ myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive T cells. CD45highCD11b/c+ CNS macrophages also stimulate MBP-reactive T cells without addition of MBP to culture, suggesting presentation of endogenous Ag. This is the first study in which microglia vs other CNS macrophages have been analyzed for APC ability directly from the CNS, with substantial cross-contamination between the two populations eliminated. The heterogeneity of these populations in terms of APC function is clearly demonstrated. Evidence is still lacking that adult CNS microglia have the capacity to interact with and stimulate CD4+ T cells to proliferate or secrete IL-2.
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PMID:Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared. 772 89

The initial event triggering the activation of Th cells occurs when the TCR interacts with antigenic peptide in the context of the MHC II on APC. Various T cell accessory molecules including CD4, CD28, and LFA-1 participate and facilitate the activation event. Although some evidence for the interaction of MHC II and CD4 is available, the site of MHC class II (alpha-chain, beta-chain, or both chains) for CD4 interaction has not yet been clearly defined. Results from different laboratories had indicated the involvement of alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2 domains of MHC class II molecules in CD4 interaction. Recently, a conserved site of DR beta 2 domain has been identified that involves CD4 interaction that is analogous to MHC class I binding site for CD8 molecule. In this report, direct binding of affinity-purified HLA-DR2 dimer and its isolated alpha- and beta-chains to CD4 was studied using a CD4-transfected HeLa cell line. Preferential binding of the beta-chain and intact MHC II dimer to the CD4-transfected cells was observed and found to be specifically inhibited by anti-CD4 mAb. In contrast, the isolated alpha-chain of HLA DR2 did not show significant binding to CD4-transfected cells. Complexes of radiolabeled DR2 dimer or beta-chain alone with an immunodominant epitope from myelin basic protein (83-102) did not show any further increase in binding of these molecules. Binding of the beta-chain to CD4+ cells was markedly inhibited by a DR beta 1 peptide (35-46) and was partially inhibited by a DR beta 2 peptide (134-148) of MHC class II molecule. These results suggest the involvement of at least two conserved regions of the beta polypeptide chain of MHC class II in CD4 interaction. Because in our experiments transfected cells lack TCR molecules and the binding of DR2 to the CD4-transfected cells was unaffected by added antigenic peptide, it is possible that the interaction of MHC class II to CD4 is independent of TCR occupancy.
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PMID:Purified beta-chain of MHC class II binds to CD4 molecules on transfected HeLa cells. 843 82

We have analyzed the response of rat T cells to myelin basic protein (MBP) and the bacterial superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE). Rat T cells reactive with MBP can respond to SEE presented by spleen cells but not to SEE presented by LOA, a rat T cell clone that expresses both I-A and I-E MHC class II molecules, even though LOA is much more efficient than splenic APC in the presentation of MBP. The inability of LOA to present superantigen is not due to a structural difference in MHC II molecules between LOA and the splenic APC or to differential expression of major accessory/adhesion molecules, including CD2, CD5, CD4 and CD44, on LOA. The non-responsiveness of SEE/LOA-induced T cells differs from anergy, in that such cells do not lose their subsequent responsiveness to either MBP or SEE. Our results demonstrate that: (i) MHC class II molecules (I-A and I-E) alone are insufficient for the activation of T cells by bacterial superantigen, (ii) failure to respond to antigen presented upon inappropriate APC or in inadequate doses may not necessarily represent anergy, and (iii) the quality of the T cell response towards certain ligands can be strongly influenced by the nature of the APC.
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PMID:An MHC class II-expressing T cell clone presenting conventional antigen lacks the ability to present bacterial superantigen. 852 5

CD4+ T cells promote immune responses against foreign Ags while actively suppressing responses against self Ags. To address how CD4+ T cells ensure self-tolerance, we focused on two CD4+ T helper cells specific for myelin basic protein (MBP). GP2.E5/R1 T cells recognized rat MBP (RMBP) as a partial agonist and mediated mild experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), whereas R2 T cells recognized RMBP with full efficacy and mediated severe EAE. GP2.E5/R1 T cells were more susceptible to anergy induction than R2 T cells. Anergic GP2.E5/R1 T cells lacked proliferative reactivity, but expressed both I-A glycoproteins and high levels of radioresistant APC activity. During induction of anergy, these T cells acquired the ability to present MBP. In a separate subsequent culture without further addition of Ag, anergic GP2.E5/R1 T cells elicited full proliferative and IL-2 production responses by R2 T cells. Unlike activations induced via irradiated splenocytes, irradiated anergic T cells elicited anergy in R2 T cells in the form of a postactivational phase of nonresponsiveness. Anergic GP2.E5/R1 T cells not only transferred anergy to pathogenic R2 T cells in vitro, but these anergic T cells also transferred resistance to EAE in Lewis rats subsequently challenged with guinea pig MBP in CFA. Antagonistic signaling by autologous RMBP was more tolerogenic than that of guinea pig MBP in both in vitro and in vivo models of infectious anergy. We conclude that in the presence of tolerogenic mAb, antagonistic signaling by a self protein elicited the coordinate expression of anergy and T cell-mediated APC activity as a mechanism for the genesis and spread of infectious tolerance.
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PMID:Anergy-associated T cell antigen presentation. A mechanism of infectious tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 875 10

Regulatory T cells recognizing TCR determinants presumably play a critical role in the control of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a prototype tissue-specific autoimmune disease. This study was initiated to determine whether regulatory T cells can be induced against a V beta 17a CDR2 peptide (residues 50-68) in SJL/J mice. Although the TCR peptide showed regulatory effects in vivo, the presence of T cells specific for the peptide could not be proven with conventional proliferation assays. Unexpectedly, in the presence of myelin basic protein-specific T clone cells (Tcc), the sensitized spleen cells vigorously proliferated in response to the TCR peptide. The subsequent experiment showed that this was due to the outstanding capability of the Tcc as APC for the exogenous TCR peptide. Using the Tcc as APC, we were able to establish V beta 17a50-68-specific T cell lines from in vivo primed spleen cells. The line cells were MHC class I restricted and dominated by T cells with a distinct surface phenotype (CD4-CD8-V beta 17a+). Presentation of the peptide by the Tcc was inhibited by treatment with gelonin that could block a MHC class I presentation pathway. The ability of T cells to present the TCR peptide was not related to their Ag specificity, but correlated with the expression levels of MHC class I molecules and adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and B7-1 on their surface. The TCR peptide-specific T cells produced a soluble mediator(s) that is inhibitory for T cell activation and were protective against actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results show that V beta 17a50-68 vaccination induces regulatory CD4-CD8- T cells that could interact with T cells presenting relevant TCR fragments.
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PMID:T-T cellular interaction between CD4-CD8- regulatory T cells and T cell clones presenting TCR peptide. Its implication for TCR vaccination against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 875 68

Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced by anti-idiotype immunity against T cell receptor (TCR) fragments associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, we have recently found that preimmunization with an alpha-chain TCR CDR3 peptide (LYFCAARSNYQL) derived from myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific clones did not suppress but rather augmented the severity of EAE induced by MBP-specific T cells in SJL/J mice. To test whether CDR3 vaccination could control only a highly restricted T cell population, we studied the effect of the peptide against EAE induced by T cells specific for different Ag/MHC ligands and autoimmune diseases affecting non-neural tissues. In contrast to expectations, the peptide was found to augment not only EAE induced by MBP-specific T cells, but also proteolipid protein (PLP)-specific T cell- or PLP peptide-induced EAE in SJL/J mice, and MBP-induced EAE and adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. The CDR3 peptide was neither inhibitory nor supportive for Ag-induced activation of an encephalitogenic clone in vitro. In addition, the peptide treatment neither inhibited the induction of Ag-specific T cells nor altered the APC function of spleen cells. These findings, on the one hand, confirm previous results showing TCR peptide-induced enhancement of the disease and, on the other hand, indicate that the TCR CDR3 peptide may control T cells with broader Ag/MHC specificities than could be expected. Structural similarity among TCR idiotypes of autoimmune T cells may partly account for these results.
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PMID:An alpha-chain TCR CDR3 peptide can enhance EAE induced by myelin basic protein or proteolipid protein. 889 82

Monoclonal Abs to the complex formed between human MHC class II molecules (DR7 and DRw11) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were produced. The specificity of these Abs was established by both FACS analysis and complement-mediated cytotoxicity of MBP- or OVA-pulsed human APC of the same or of different DR restriction. These Abs bound to and lysed only MBP-pulsed human APC of the same DR restriction (DR7 or DRw11) but not to APC of different DR restriction or pulsed with a different Ag (OVA). The physiologic role of these Abs was further investigated. They blocked the in vitro proliferative response to MBP-specific T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients in an antigen-specific and DR-restricted manner. However, the Abs did not affect the response of MBP-specific T cell clones of other DR restriction nor did they interfere with the response to other Ags (purified protein derivative or copolymer 1) presented on APC with the same DR restriction. These Abs may be useful for treating multiple sclerosis in which reactivity to MBP is implicated. Moreover, this approach may be extended to other autoantigens and their counterpart autoimmune diseases.
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PMID:Modulation of the immune response in multiple sclerosis: production of monoclonal antibodies specific to HLA/myelin basic protein. 903 99

The influence of costimulation on the T cell response to altered peptide ligands that act as either partial or weak agonists for human CD4+ T cell clones was examined. Using stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell transfectants expressing DR2 (DRB1*1501) and human B7-1 or B7-2 as APC, presentation of native myelin basic protein (MBP) p85-99 peptide Ag or a partial agonist of MBP p85-99 induced equivalent T cell activation as measured by [3H]TdR incorporation and cytokine secretion. In marked contrast, presentation of cross-reactive peptides of MBP p85-99 that act as weak agonists with B7-1, but not B7-2, costimulation resulted in significant T cell activation as measured by [3H]TdR incorporation and cytokine secretion. These data suggest that decreasing the strength of the signal provided to the TCR allows differences in B7-1 and B7-2 signaling to be observed. Thus, the costimulatory environment during T cell activation may be a mechanism of regulating T cell cross-reactivity in the periphery.
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PMID:Weak peptide agonists reveal functional differences in B7-1 and B7-2 costimulation of human T cell clones. 925 27

Previous studies have shown that the anti-CD4 mAb W3/25 strongly enhances T cell APC (T-APC) activity. In this study, single positive CD4+ and double negative (DN) (CD4-CD8-) T-helper cells specific for the 55-69 or 72-86 sequence of guinea pig (GP) myelin basic protein (GPMBP) were used to study CD4 regulation of T-APC activity. Clones were cultured with irradiated SPL and GPMBP or rat (R) MBP for 2-3 days, were propagated in IL-2 for another 1-3 days, were irradiated, and were used as T-APC. DN T cells specific for GP55-69 effectively presented GPMBP and were superior APC compared to other CD4+ T cells for presentation of this antigen. In contrast, DN T cells specific for the dominant encephalitogenic 72-86 determinant did not effectively present the agonist GPMBP but potently presented the partial agonist RMBP. The heightened APC activity of DN T cells reflected the lack of CD4 because the anti-CD4 mAb W3/25 promoted T-APC activity of CD4+ T cells to those levels expressed by DN T cells. Overall, T cells with potent reactivity to GPMBP or RMBP were subsequently unable to present that antigen, whereas T cells exhibiting partial or low antigen reactivities were highly effective APC for presentation of that antigen. The unrelated antigen conalbumin was presented by MBP-specific clones only when added to culture with a specific partial agonist. Together, these data indicate that partially agonistic MHC ligands promote prolonged expression of T-APC activity and that DN T cells may be specialized to mediate postactivational antigen presentation.
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PMID:Partial agonism elicits an enduring phase of T-cell-medicated antigen presentation. 966 50

Previous studies have shown that tolerogenic anti-CD4 (W3/25) and anti-LFA-1 mAb (LRTC1) which block T cell activation paradoxically enhance T cell-mediated antigen presentation. Lasting T cell APC (T-APC) activity requires and initial exposure of T cells to these mAb in the presence of professional APC and antigen. This study revealed a central mechanism regulating the duration of T-APC activity. T cell recognition of class II MHC complexes of T-APC catalyzed a rapid decay in the presentation of agonistic antigens, whereas partial agonistic signals decayed at a shower rate. Likewise, blockade of agonistic T-T cell autorecognition by these mAb led to the persistence of agonistic MHC/antigen on T-APC. The best predictor of T-APC activity was related to the ability of clonal T cells to respond to antigen presented by neighboring T cells. Strong responders were inefficient T-APC, whereas inefficient responders were strong T-APC. Addition of irradiated myelin basic protein (MBP0-specific responders to T-APC cultures specifically inhibited the subsequent presentation of MBP but not conalbumin, and vice versa. T-APC presentation of antigen to responder T cells also resulted in reduced surface expression of class II MHC I-A glycoproteins on T-APC. These findings indicate that agonistic recognition of antigen of T-APC specifically inhibits subsequent presentation of that antigen, whereas antagonistic MHC/antigen complexes are preserved for an enduring T-APC activity.
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PMID:Class II MHC/peptide complexes on T cell antigen-presenting cells: agonistic antigen recognition inhibits subsequent antigen presentation. 966 53


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