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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have studied the ubiquitination and degradation patterns of the human securin/PTTG protein. We show that, in contrast to budding yeast pds1, securin degradation is catalyzed by both fzy (fizzy/cdc20) and fzr (fizzy-related/cdh1/hct1). Both fzy and fzr also induce the APC/C to ubiquitinate securin in vitro. Securin degradation is mediated by an RXXL destruction box and a KEN box, and is inhibited only when both sequences are mutated. Interestingly, the non-degradable securin mutant is also partially ubiquitinated by fzy and fzr in vitro. Expressing the non-degradable securin mutant in cells frequently resulted in incomplete chromatid separation and gave rise to daughter cells connected by a thin chromatin fiber, presumably of chromosomes that failed to split completely. Strikingly, the mutant securin did not prevent the majority of sister chromatids from separating completely, nor did it prevent mitotic cyclin degradation and cytokinesis. This phenotype, reminiscent of the fission yeast cut (cells untimely torn) phenotype, is reported here for the first time in mammals.
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PMID:Securin degradation is mediated by fzy and fzr, and is required for complete chromatid separation but not for cytokinesis. 1117 23

Sister chromatid separation depends on the release of cohesion by the activity of Esp1, a member of the caspase family [1, 2]. In budding yeast, Esp1p is kept inactive by its association with Pds1p, until the onset of anaphase, when Pds1p is ubiquitinated by the APC/Cdc20 complex [3--5] and subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. Pds1 is not an essential gene in budding yeast, but is required for cell cycle arrest prior to anaphase in response to the disruption of spindle structures [6, 7]. Thus, Pds1 mutant yeast cells display precocious sister chromatid separation in the presence of nocodazole [6]. Mammalian orthologs of yeast Esp1 and Pds1, separin and securin, have been identified [8], and, as anticipated, a nondegradable mutant form of securin inhibits sister separation when added to mitotic Xenopus egg extracts [8]. Securin was also independently identified as PTTG (pituitary tumor transforming gene), a gene overexpressed in pituitary tumors [9]. The relationship between its overexpression in tumors and its control of sister chromatid cohesion remains ill defined. To explore securin function in mammals, we took a targeted gene disruption approach in mice. Here, we report that securin is neither essential for cell viability nor required for spindle checkpoint function, and mice lacking securin are viable and apparently normal, but mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking securin grow abnormally in culture.
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PMID:Securin is not required for cellular viability, but is required for normal growth of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 1151 52

An essential aspect of progression through mitosis is the sequential degradation of key mitotic regulators in a process that is mediated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase [1]. In mitotic cells, two forms of the APC/C exist, APC/C(Cdc20) and APC/C(Cdh1), which differ in their associated WD-repeat proteins (Cdc20 and Cdh1, respectively), time of activation, and substrate specificity [2, 3]. How the WD-repeat proteins contribute to APC/C's activation and substrate specificity is not clear. Many APC/C substrates contain a destruction box element that is necessary for their ubiquitination [4-6]. One such APC/C substrate, the budding yeast anaphase inhibitor Pds1 (securin), is degraded prior to anaphase initiation in a destruction box and APC/C(Cdc20)-dependent manner [3, 7]. Here we find that Pds1 interacts directly with Cdc20 and that this interaction requires Pds1's destruction box. Our results suggest that Cdc20 provides a link between the substrate and the core APC/C and that the destruction box is essential for efficient Cdc20-substrate interaction. We also find that Pds1 does not interact with Cdh1. Finally, the effect of spindle assembly checkpoint activation, known to inhibit APC/C function [8], on the Pds1-Cdc20 interaction is examined.
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PMID:The anaphase inhibitor Pds1 binds to the APC/C-associated protein Cdc20 in a destruction box-dependent manner. 1155 28

Mitotic checkpoints delay cell cycle progression in response to alterations in the mitotic apparatus, thus ensuring correct chromosome segregation. While improper spindle orientation activates the Bub2/Bfa1-dependent checkpoint in budding yeast, delaying exit from mitosis, lack of bipolar kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates a signal transduction cascade that prevents both anaphase onset and exit from mitosis by inhibiting the Cdc20/APC (Anaphase Promoting Complex)-mediated proteolysis of securin and inactivation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), respectively. Proteolysis of the securin Pdsl is necessary to liberate the separase Esp1, which then triggers sister chromatid separation, whereas inactivation of mitotic CDKs is a prerequisite for exit from mitosis and for starting a new round of DNA replication in the next cell cycle. In budding yeast, this latter checkpoint response involves the proteins Mad1, 2, 3, Bub1 and Bub3, whose vertebrate counterparts localize to unattached kinetochores. Mutations that alter other kinetochore proteins result in mitotic checkpoint activation, while the ndc10-1 mutation not only impairs kinetochore function, but also disrupts the checkpoint response, indicating a role for Ndc10 in this process. Here we present evidence that Ndc10 is not part of the Bub2/Bfa1-dependent pathway, and its role in the checkpoint response might also be different from that of the other Mad and Bub proteins. Indeed, Ndc10, unlike other mitotic checkpoint proteins, is not required for the mitotic block induced by overexpression of the Mpsl protein kinase, which is implicated in mitotic checkpoint control. Furthermore, the delay in mitotic exit caused by non-degradable Pds1, which does not require Mad and Bub proteins, depends on Ndc10 function. We propose that a pathway involving Ndc10 might monitor defects in the mitotic apparatus independently of the Mad and Bub proteins. Since the Espl separase is required for exit from mitosis in both ndc10-1 and nocodazole-treated mad2delta cells, the two signal transduction cascades might ultimately converge on the inactivation of Esp1.
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PMID:Role of the kinetochore protein Ndc10 in mitotic checkpoint activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1158 68

Sister chromatid separation at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition is induced by the proteolytic cleavage of one of the cohesin complex subunits. This process is mediated by a conserved protease called separase. Separase is associated with its inhibitor, securin, until the time of anaphase initiation, when securin is degraded in an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-dependent manner. In budding yeast securin/Pds1 not only inhibits separase/Esp1, but also promotes its nuclear localization. The molecular mechanism and regulation of this nuclear targeting are presently unknown. Here we show that Pds1 is a substrate of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. Phosphorylation of Pds1 by Cdc28 is important for efficient binding of Pds1 to Esp1 and for promoting the nuclear localization of Esp1. Our results uncover a previously unknown mechanism for regulating the Pds1-Esp1 interaction and shed light on a novel role for Cdc28 in promoting the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in budding yeast.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the mitotic regulator Pds1/securin by Cdc28 is required for efficient nuclear localization of Esp1/separase. 1205 Jan 15

Sister chromatid separation during exit from mitosis requires separase. Securin inhibits separase during the cell cycle until metaphase when it is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In Drosophila, sister chromatid separation proceeds even in the presence of stabilized securin with mutations in its D-box, a motif known to mediate recruitment to the APC/C. Alternative pathways might therefore regulate separase and sister chromatid separation apart from proteolysis of the Drosophila securin PIM. Consistent with this proposal and with results from yeast and vertebrates, we show here that the effects of stabilized securin with mutations in the D-box are enhanced in vivo by reduced Polo kinase function or by mitotically stabilized Cyclin A. However, we also show that PIM contains a KEN-box, which is required for mitotic degradation in addition to the D-box, and that sister chromatid separation is completely inhibited by PIM with mutations in both degradation signals.
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PMID:Drosophila securin destruction involves a D-box and a KEN-box and promotes anaphase in parallel with Cyclin A degradation. 1272 52

In yeast and animals, the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an essential ubiquitin protein ligase that regulates mitotic progression and exit by controlling the stability of cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as securin and the mitotic cyclins. In plants, the function, regulation, and substrates of the APC/C are poorly understood. To gain more insight into the roles of the plant APC/C, we characterized at the molecular level one of its subunits, APC2, which is encoded by a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis. We show that the Arabidopsis gene is able to partially complement a budding yeast apc2 ts mutant. By yeast two-hybrid assays, we demonstrate an interaction of APC2 with two other APC/C subunits: APC11 and APC8/CDC23. A reverse-genetic approach identified Arabidopsis plants carrying T-DNA insertions in the APC2 gene. apc2 null mutants are impaired in female megagametogenesis and accumulate a cyclin-beta-glucuronidase reporter protein but do not display metaphase arrest, as observed in other systems. The APC2 gene is expressed in various plant organs and does not seem to be cell cycle regulated. Finally, we report intriguing differences in APC2 protein subcellular localization compared with that in other systems. Our observations support a conserved function of the APC/C in plants but a different mode of regulation.
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PMID:The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. 3096 93

Faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division is essential for further embryo development. The question at issue is whether the same mechanisms ensuring correct separation of sister chromatids in mitosis are at work during the first meiotic division. In mitosis, sister chromatids are linked by a cohesin complex holding them together until their disjunction at anaphase. Their disjunction is mediated by Separase, which cleaves the cohesin. The activation of Separase requires prior degradation of its associated inhibitor, called securin. Securin is a target of the APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates securin at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and thereby targets it for degradation by the 26S proteasome. After securin degradation, Separase cleaves the cohesins and triggers chromatid separation, a prerequisite for anaphase. In yeast and worms, the segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I depends on the APC/C and Separase activity. Yet, it is unclear if Separase is required for the first meiotic division in vertebrates because APC/C activity is thought to be dispensable in frog oocytes. We therefore investigated if Separase activity is required for correct chromosome segregation in meiosis I in mouse oocytes.
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PMID:The meiosis I-to-meiosis II transition in mouse oocytes requires separase activity. 1456 5

The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an ubiquitin protein ligase that together with Cdc20 and Cdh1 targets mitotic proteins for degradation by the proteosome. APC-Cdc20 activity during mitosis triggers anaphase by destroying securin and cyclins. APC-Cdh1 promotes degradation of cyclins and other proteins during G(1). We show that loss of APC/C during embryogenesis is early lethal before embryonic day E6.5 (E6.5). To investigate the role of APC/C in quiescent cells, we conditionally inactivated the subunit Apc2 in mice. Deletion of Apc2 in quiescent hepatocytes caused re-entry into the cell cycle and arrest in metaphase, resulting in liver failure. Re-entry into the cell cycle either occurred without any proliferative stimulus or could be easily induced. We demonstrate that the APC has an additional function to prevent hepatocytes from unscheduled re-entry into the cell cycle.
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PMID:Loss of the anaphase-promoting complex in quiescent cells causes unscheduled hepatocyte proliferation. 1472 79

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis triggered by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is essential for sister chromatid separation and the mitotic exit. Like ubiquitylation, protein modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO appears to be important during mitosis, because yeast cells impaired in the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 were found to be blocked in mitosis and defective in cyclin degradation. Here, we analysed the role of SUMOylation in the metaphase/anaphase transition and in APC/C-mediated proteolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that cells depleted of Ubc9 or Smt3, the yeast SUMO protein, mostly arrested with undivided nuclei and with high levels of securin Pds1. This metaphase block was partially relieved by a deletion of PDS1. The absence of Ubc9 or Smt3 also resulted in defects in chromosome segregation. Temperature-sensitive ubc9-2 mutants were delayed in proteolysis of Pds1 and of cyclin Clb2 during mitosis. The requirement of SUMOylation for APC/C-mediated degradation was tested more directly in G1-arrested cells. Both ubc9-2 and smt3-331 mutants were defective in efficient degradation of Pds1 and mitotic cyclins, whereas proteolysis of unstable proteins that are not APC/C substrates was unaffected. We conclude that SUMOylation is needed for efficient proteolysis mediated by APC/C in budding yeast.
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PMID:Smt3/SUMO and Ubc9 are required for efficient APC/C-mediated proteolysis in budding yeast. 1498 31


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