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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were purified by mixed HNO3/H2SO4 solution and were employed as adsorbents to study adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of trihalomethanes (THMs) from chlorinated drinking water. The amount of THMs adsorbed onto CNTs decreased with a rise in temperature and high adsorption capacities were found at 5 and 15 degrees C. Under the same conditions, the purified CNTs possess two to three times more adsorption capacities of CHCl3, which accounts for a major portion of THMs in the chlorinated drinking water, than the commercially available PAC suggesting that CNTs are efficient adsorbents. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of THMs onto CNTs is exothermic and spontaneous.
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PMID:Adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic studies of trihalomethanes on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. 1683 63

Selective adsorption of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APnEOs) from synthetic textile wastewater was investigated using hexagonal mesoporous silicates (HMSs). HMSs are synthetic silicate that have uniform mesopores, large surface areas and uniform surface functional groups. Five different types of HMSs were synthesized by surfactant-templating methods, and three of them were grafted with organic surface functional groups, i.e., n-octyldimethyl-, 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-, and 3-mercaptopropyl-groups. Titanium-substituted HMS was also made in the same way as HMS. Adsorption capacities and selectivities of these HMSs for APnEOs were investigated in batch adsorption experiments either in single-solute APnEO solutions or in mixed solutions with ionic dyes. Triton X-100 was used as a model APnEO and either Basic Yellow 1 or Acid Blue 45 was used as cationic or anionic dyes, respectively. All the HMSs except 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-grafted HMS had higher adsorption capacities of Triton X-100 than powdered activated carbon. HMS and Ti-HMS had the highest BET surface areas and mesopore volumes measured by the nitrogen adsorption method, and thereby the highest adsorption capacities for Triton X-100. Surface charge was the most important attractive force between HMSs and dyes. FT-IR spectra proved that hydrophilic HMSs adsorbed both Basic Yellow 1 and Acid Blue 45 by hydrogen bonding. Acid-base titration experiments revealed that all the HMSs except 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-grafted HMS were negatively charged at neutral pH, whereas PAC and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-grafted HMS were positively charged. Due to negative surface charge, the anionic dye (Acid Blue 45) was not adsorbed on the four HMSs, which proves high selectivities of these HMSs for Triton X-100 over Acid Blue 45. On the contrary, a small amount of cationic dye (Basic Yellow 1) was adsorbed on all HMSs, but 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-grafted HMS showed the lowest adsorption capacity for Basic Yellow 1 due to positive surface charge. Unlike other silicate adsorbents, no surface solubilization was observed for all HMSs.
Water Res 2006 Oct
PMID:Selective adsorption of nonionic surfactant on hexagonal mesoporous silicates (HMSs) in the presence of ionic dyes. 1693 36

A study was conducted to investigate the bacteriological impact of using different volumes of water during immersion chilling of broiler carcasses. Market-aged broilers were processed, and carcasses were cut into left and right halves along the keel bone immediately after the final bird wash. One half of each carcass pair was individually chilled at 4 degrees C in a separate bag containing either 2.1 L/kg (low) or 16.8 L/kg (high) of distilled water. Carcass halves were submersed in a secondary chill tank containing approximately 150 L of an ice-water mix (0.6 degrees C). After chilling for 45 min, carcass halves were rinsed with 100 mL of sterile water for 1 min. Rinses and chill water were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (APC), Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Campylobacter. After chilling with a low volume of water, counts were 3.7, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.1 log(10) cfu/mL of rinse for APC, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Campylobacter, respectively. When a high volume of chill water was used, counts were 3.2, 1.7, 1.6, and 1.8 log(10) cfu/mL of rinse for APC, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Campylobacter, respectively. There was no difference in bacterial counts per milliliter of chill water among treatments. These results show that using additional water during immersion chilling of inoculated broilers will remove more bacteria from the carcass surfaces, but numbers of bacteria per milliliter in the chiller water will remain constant. The bacteriological impact of using more water during commercial immersion chilling may not be enough to offset economic costs.
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PMID:Broiler carcass bacterial counts after immersion chilling using either a low or high volume of water. 1701 73

The design and operation of air sparging and soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) remediation systems remains in large an art due to the absence of reliable physically based models that can utilize the limited available field data. In this paper, a numerical model developed for the design and operation of air sparging and soil vapor extractions systems was used to simulate two field case studies. The first-order mass transfer kinetics were incorporated into the model to account for contaminant mass transfer between the water and air (stripping), NAPL and water (dissolution), NAPL and air (volatilization), and water and soil (sorption/desorption), the model also accounted for soil heterogeneity. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) were the contaminants of concern in both case studies. In the second case study, the model was used to evaluate the effect of pulsed sparging on the removal rate of BTEX compounds. The pulsed sparging operation was approximated assuming uniform contaminant redistribution at the beginning of the shut-off period. The close comparison between the observed and simulated contaminant concentration in the aqueous phase showed that the approximation of the pulsed sparging operation yielded reasonable prediction of the removal process. Field heterogeneity was simulated using Monte Carlo analysis. The model predicted about 80-85% of the contaminant mass was removed by air-water mass transfer, which was similar to the average removal obtained by Monte Carlo analysis. The analysis of the removal/rebound cycles demonstrated that removal rate was controlled by the organic-aqueous distribution coefficient K(oc). Due to the lack of site-specific data, the aerobic first-order biodegradation coefficients (k(bio)) were obtained from a literature survey, therefore, uncertainty analysis of the k(bio) was conducted to evaluate the contribution of the aerobic biodegradation to total contaminant removal. Results of both case studies showed that biodegradation played a major role in the remediation of the contaminated sites.
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PMID:Application of multiphase transport models to field remediation by air sparging and soil vapor extraction. 1714 13

Field estimation of air permeability is important in the design and operation of soil-vapor extraction systems. Previous models have examined airflow in homogenous soils, incorporating leakage through a low-permeability cap either as a correction to the airflow equation or as a boundary condition. The dual leakage model solution developed here improves upon the previous efforts by adding a leaky lower boundary condition, allowing for the examination of airflow in heterogeneous layered soils. The dual leakage model is applied to the evaluation of pump tests at a pilot soil-vapor extraction system at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. A thick, low-permeability, stiff clay layer divides the stratigraphy at the site into two units for evaluation. A modified version of the previous model, using the water table as the impermeable lower boundary, is used to evaluate the permeability of the low-permeability stiff clay layer (3.2 x 10(-10) cm(2)) and permeable sand (7.2 x 10(-7) cm(2)) beneath it. The stiff clay permeability estimate is used in the evaluation of the shallow unit. Permeability estimates of the shallow sand (3.8 x 10(-7) cm(2)) and kaolin cap (1.5 x 10(-9)cm(2)) were obtained with the dual leakage model. The shallow unit was evaluated using the previous model for comparison. The effects of anisotropy were investigated with a series of model simulations based on the shallow unit solution. The anisotropy sensitivity analysis suggests that increased anisotropy ratio or decreased axial permeability has a significant impact on the velocity profile at the lower boundary, especially at high values of the anisotropy ratio. This result may increase estimates of SVE removal rates for contaminants located at the interface of the lower boundary, typical of chlorinated solvent contamination.
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PMID:Evaluation of air permeability in layered unsaturated materials. 1717 39

The filtration characteristics of two different module configurations with coarse pore filter (non-woven fabric) were investigated for sludge floc separation in an activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. A polypropylene non-woven fabric filter (35 g/m2) was used for the two different module configurations, one flat and one tubular type, each with a filtration area of 0.052 m2. The different module types, submerged in the oxic compartment of A/O (anaerobic/oxic) type reactors, were operated simultaneously. The filtration fluxes were gradually increased from 0.5 to 1.2 and 1.73 m/d. The filtration pressures were more stably maintained for the tubular type module than the plate type. The tubular type module installed horizontally with two-side suction showed less filtration pressures than the tubular type module installed vertically with one-side suction. The solid separation was significantly high showing less than 5 mg/L effluent solids. The organic and T-N removal efficiencies were around 95 and 50%, respectively. The 85% removal of T-P was achieved with 20 mg/L injection of PAC (poly-aluminum chloride).
Water Sci Technol 2007
PMID:Filtration characteristics of immersed coarse pore filters in an activated sludge system for domestic wastewater reclamation. 1730 23

Effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and/or sodium chloride (NaCl) dipping on microbial quality and shelf life of chicken breasts were investigated during refrigeration. Chicken breasts were dipped in aqueous solution (w/v) of 10% TSP, 10% NaCl, combination of TSP and NaCl (7.5% + 7.5%) or distilled water (control) for 10 min, followed by tray-packaging storage at 2 degrees C. During storage, chicken breasts dipped in TSP maintained almost constant pH, while pH of control or NaCl-treated samples significantly increased (P<0.05). TSP dipping resulted in initial reduction of 0.48 and 0.91 log(10) CFU/g in aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae count, respectively, when compared with control. By storage day 6, APC of control chicken breasts reached 6.91 log(10) CFU/g, while TSP-treatment either alone or in combination with NaCl significantly delayed microbial growth (P<0.05) and extended shelf life of refrigerated chicken breasts up to 12 days, at which APC were 6.87 and 6.39, respectively, versus 9.58 log(10) CFU/g for control. Significant reductions in psychrotrophic and Enterobacteriaceae count were detected at the end of storage period in chicken breasts treated with TSP alone or in combination with NaCl, whereas such treatments had no significant effects on lactobacilli or mold and yeast populations.
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PMID:Effects of Trisodium Phosphate and Sodium Chloride Dipping on the Microbial Quality and Shelf Life of Refrigerated Tray-packaged Chicken Breasts. 1733 Jan 56

Low technology water supply, treatment and sanitation techniques were reviewed in a Vietnamese village in the Mekong River Delta as part of an AusAID Project to reduce poverty and to improve the overall living standards and health in the Cuu Long (Mekong) delta for 500,000 rural poor. It was found that dosing of canal water in 200-1 ceramic jars with alum, PAC or PAC followed by hypochlorite provides a high level of treatment for drinking water at the household level in a rural village setting in the Mekong River delta. Seventy per cent (7 in total) of the 24 samples collected showed that Escherichia coli levels per 100 ml in the jars after treatment showed a 'no risk' profile (0 E. coli 100 ml(-1)) i.e. the water would be considered to be of very good quality for drinking according to World Health Organization Guidelines for Rural Drinking Water Supply. This included the eight samples that were dosed with hypochlorite. The remaining 30% of samples (seven in total) ranged from 14 to 47 E. coli 100 ml(-1) which is considered an intermediate risk (10-100 E. coli 100 ml(-1)) according to WHO guidelines. All control water samples (eight in total) were high or very high risk (>100 E. coli 100ml(-1).
J Water Health 2007 Mar
PMID:Microbial counts and pesticide concentrations in drinking water after alum flocculation of channel feed water at the household level, in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. 1740 88

This paper reviews taste and odour (T&O) issues of South Korea's water industry. For this purpose, an overview of the water supply systems and drinking water standards is presented and some results from citizen surveys for customer satisfaction are included. A case study is presented in which the water intake was shifted from inside a main reservoir to a downstream location due to T&O problems. It is true that the South Korean water industry has long relied on the tolerance of consumers for periodic T&O events. Recently the South Korean water industry has become aware that the T&O problems are at the centre of consumers' concerns and has taken several positive approaches. These include monitoring T&O events using sensory and instrumental methods, installation of a baffled-channel PAC contactor and application of advanced water treatment processes.
Water Sci Technol 2007
PMID:Taste and odour issues in South Korea's drinking water industry. 1748 11

Short-term dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment has been shown to notably accelerate colorectal tumor development in rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). In the present study, to clarify mechanisms underlying the DSS influence, time-course studies of histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics and beta-catenin gene mutations in colorectal mucosa in early stages of this model were conducted. F344 males were given three subcutaneous injections of DMH (40 mg/kg body wt) within a week, followed by free access to drinking water containing 1% DSS for a week. At weeks 1, 4, 6 and 8 after the DSS treatment, rats were euthanized and colorectal samples were collected. At week 1, the colorectal mucosa demonstrated extensive erosion along with significant inflammatory cell infiltration and neighboring reactive hyperplasia. By week 4, the mucosal damage was repaired and regenerative mucosa, partly characterized by Paneth cell metaplasia and altered subcellular localization of beta-catenin, was apparent. Areas with Paneth cells/beta-catenin accumulation were significantly more likely to be accompanied by interstitial inflammation and 17 of 24 dysplastic foci were found in regenerative mucosa with Paneth cells. Furthermore, adenomas/carcinomas frequently featured various degrees of Paneth cell differentiation. Point mutations mainly in codons 34 and 41 of beta-catenin gene were detected in 6 of 27 samples of regenerative mucosa with Paneth cells and four of nine dysplastic foci/adenomas/carcinomas. These findings indicate that inflammation-associated regenerative mucosa with Paneth cell metaplasia and alteration in the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf signal transduction pathway are possibly involved in the acceleration of colorectal carcinogenesis in this DMH-DSS rat model.
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PMID:Significance of inflammation-associated regenerative mucosa characterized by Paneth cell metaplasia and beta-catenin accumulation for the onset of colorectal carcinogenesis in rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. 1751 83


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