Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the formation and elimination of nicotine-1'-N-oxide (NNO) in mice treated with a single injection of nicotine, sensitive and selective methods were developed to quantitate this polar and heat-labile metabolite. The compound was isolated from tissue homogenates as a dodecyl sulfate ion pair with C18 extraction cartridges and analyzed on an amino bonded-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic column with a mobile phase consisting of isopropanol-water. Overall recoveries of NNO were 64-76% from biological media. Several methods of detection were evaluated; radiolabeling was necessary to achieve the sensitivity required for pharmacokinetic studies in mice. The cis and trans isomers of NNO were separated on a Partisil PAC column and enzymatic selectivity was evaluated for the formation of these isomers in mice.
 ...
PMID:Isolation and analysis of N-oxide metabolites of tertiary amines: quantitation of nicotine-1'-N-oxide formation in mice. 403 Sep 85

Liquid chromatography under elevated pressure (h.p.l.c.) has been applied to the separation of the phenyl, benzyl, and O-nitrophenyl glycosides of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose and of various mucin-type, di-, tri-, and tetra-saccharides. The separations were carried out with a Whatman Partisil PXS 5/25 PAC column and various proportions of acetonitrile and water in the mobile phase. These methods were subsequently used to separate the substrates and products of the following N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase reactions: UDP-GlcNAc + beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-GalNAc-R leads to beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 6)]-GalNAc-R + UDP (1); UDP-GlcNAc + beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 6)]-GalNAc-R leads to beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 6)]-GalNAc-R + UDP (2); UDP-GlcNAc + GalNAc-R' leads to beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-GalNAc-R' + UDP (3); and UDP-GlcNAc + beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-GalNAc-R' leads to beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 6)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)]-GalNAc-R' + UDP (4), where R is = benzyl or o-nitrophenyl, and R' = benzyl or phenyl alpha-D-glycoside. Reaction 1 is catalyzed by a transferase in canine submaxillary glands and porcine gastric mucosa, and reaction 2 by an enzyme in porcine gastric mucosa. Enzyme activities catalyzing reactions 3 and 4 have recently been demonstrated in rat colonic mucosa. Liquid chromatography can be used at the preparative level for the purification and identification of the transferase products, and at the analytical level in the assay of glycosyltransferases.
 ...
PMID:The separation by liquid chromatography (under elevated pressure) of phenyl, benzyl, and O-nitrophenyl glycosides of oligosaccharides. Analysis of substrates and products for four N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferases involved in mucin synthesis. 622 56

Male Wistar rats received two i.p. injections of morphine-HCl, 2.5 mg/kg at 8.00 a.m. and 2.00 p.m. on the 1st day: the dose was doubled every other day to reach a total daily dose of 40 mg/kg on the 4th day. This schedule was maintained for 12 days. On day 16 the animals received the last injection of morphine, 20 mg/kg. One hour later (9.00 a.m.) six rats were decapitated and PRA, PAC and ACTH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Groups of six rats were killed at 9.00 a.m. on the 1st, 2nd, 5th and the 8th day after morphine withdrawal. Control data for PRA, PAC and ACTH were obtained from eighteen saline-injected rats. Nine out of morphine-treated animals were kept in metabolism cages to investigate simultaneously food and water intake. and renal excretion. Morphine withdrawal after chronic morphine treatment in the rat resulted in antidiuresis and a reduction of electrolyte excretion which were not due to a reduction in water and food intake. The simultaneous increase of PRA and PAC associated with decreased electrolyte excretion indicates that, in addition to antidiuretic hormone, also the renin-aldosterone-system probably play a relevant role in the renal excretory changes after morphine withdrawal.
 ...
PMID:Effect of morphine withdrawal on food and water intake, urine output and electrolyte excretion in the rat: participation of the renin-aldosterone-system in renal excretory changes. 633 Oct 67

A simple and rapid method for the extraction of four diazine herbicides (terbacil, bromacil, norflurazon and PAC) from human whole blood, plasma and urine with use of Bond Elut C18 cartridges is presented. Whole blood, plasma and urine samples containing the herbicides, after mixing with distilled water, were loaded on Bond Elut C18 cartridges and the herbicides were eluted with chloroform/methanol (9:1). They were detected by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID) with splitless injection. Separation of the four diazine herbicides from each other and from impurities was generally satisfactory with the use of an intermediately polar DB-17 capillary column. The recovery of all compounds, which had been added to whole blood, plasma and urine, was > 89%. The calibration curve for the herbicides, which has been added to whole blood, plasma and urine, showed linearity in the range 1.6-100 ng on column. Their detection limits were 1.2-1.4 ng on column for whole blood and plasma, and 1.1-1.2 ng on column for urine.
 ...
PMID:Rapid extraction and capillary gas chromatography for diazine herbicides in human body fluids. 775 Aug 75

Recent studies have shown that both in hypertensives and in offspring of hypertensive parents there exists an altered renal functional reserve (RFR). The aim of this research was to study the RFR in newly diagnosed essential hypertensives, and to evaluate if any influences are played on RFR by circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, catecholamines, and plasma endothelin-1. In 16 essential hypertensives (EH) and in 10 healthy controls (C), on the 24-hour urine collection and on urine specimens taken after both an oral water load and an amino acids (AAs) infusion (4.16 ml/min for two hours), Ccr, microalbuminuria (AER) and its fractional clearance, and sodium excretion (Nau) were evaluated. Furthermore, both in basal condition and after the AAs load, blood samples were obtained to assay plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentrations (PAC), circulating norepinephrine (NE) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). The C-group showed a mean increase in Ccr of 35%. No significant modifications in AER and in circulating hormones were observed. Among the 16 EH, thirteen subjects showed a significant increase in Ccr after the AAs load, with a mean increase of 32.5%. In the whole group of EH there were no significant differences in AER when comparing basal with after-load values, and Nau resulted significantly decreased after AAs infusion. The analysis of the hormonal pattern pointed out not significant changes in the behaviour of PRA, NE and ET-1, while a significant decrease in PAC was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The renal functional reserve in recently diagnosed essential hypertension. 802 14

Tryptase, a mast cell serine protease, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma, but formal evidence to support this hypothesis has been limited by the lack of specific inhibitors for use in vivo. Therefore, in this study we examined the effects of two inhibitors of tryptase, APC 366 [N-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl)-L-arginyl-L-prolinamide hydrochloride] and BABIM [bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane] on antigen-induced early and late responses, airway responsiveness as measured by carbachol provocation, microvascular permeability as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) albumin concentrations, and tissue eosinophilia from biopsies in allergic sheep. APC 366 and BABIM were administered by aerosol in all experiments. In vehicle control trials, antigen challenge resulted in peak early and late increases in specific lung resistance (SRL) of (mean +/- SE, n = 6) 259 +/- 30% and 183 +/- 27% over baseline, respectively. Treatment with APC 366 (9 mg/3 ml H2O given 0.5 h before, 4 h after, and 24 h after antigen challenge) slightly reduced the peak early response (194 +/- 41%), but significantly inhibited the late response (38 +/- 6%, p < 0.05 versus control trials). Twenty-four hours after challenge, APC 366 also completely blocked the antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled carbachol observed in the control trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Tryptase inhibitors block allergen-induced airway and inflammatory responses in allergic sheep. 852 Jul 78

By using activated carbon (PAC) or by other water treatment procedures remarkable amounts of sludges are produced that have normally to be discharged as wastes outside the plant site. The research objective of this study is to get basic information about the quality of PAC sludges to characterise these materials in order to decide between depositing or re-use/recycling. On four water works with artificial ground water recharge and PAC treatment plants to eliminate pesticides from surface waters detailed analyses and experiments were carried out. The determination of carbon, nitrogen, other nutrient elements, heavy-metals and organic pollutants reveal greatly differing amounts within the water works and during the year. The treatment techniques had an important influence on the chemical composition of the sludges. Mixing of PAC sludges with other sludges strongly reduced the amount of carbon. Heavy metals were present only in small quantities. Sludge from one plant, however, contained elevated concentrations of arsenic. PAC sludges from plants treating river water had considerably high amounts of adsorbable organohalogen. Leaching experiments performed with the sludges demonstrated that only small quantities of pollutants are extractable. For most sludges a deposition on domestic refuse dumps is possible. An alternative way is to discharge the liquid sludges into municipal sewage treatment plants. Addition to the biological treatment tank significantly reduced the concentration of AOX in the sewage effluent. Laboratory experiments and field studies on heavily polluted dump leachates showed a remarkable remaining adsorption capacity of the PAC. As a consequence, PAC sludges have to be considered not exclusively as wastes, but rather as valuable materials for purification processes treating waste waters with high loads of organic, especially organohalogen, substances.
 ...
PMID:[Composition and ways of reusing activated carbon sludge from surface water treatment plants]. 867 25

Irinotecan [7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11)] is a promising water-soluble analogue of camptothecin [S. Sawada et al., Chem. & Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 39: 1446-1454, 1991]. We have reported previously the presence of an important polar metabolite, in addition to 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) beta-glucuronide, in samples of plasma taken from patients undergoing treatment with CPT-11 (L.P. Rivory and J. Robert, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 36: 176-179, 1995; L. P. Rivory and J. Robert, J. Cromatogr., 661: 133-141, 1994). Plasma samples (0.5 ml) containing comparatively large amounts of this metabolite were extracted by solid-phase columns and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in parallel to fluorometric detection. The metabolite yielded [M + 1] ions with a m/z of 619, representing the addition of 32 atomic mass units to CPT-11. Purified fractions were subjected to proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and the structure determined, 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycampothecin (APC), was further validated following synthesis. Like CPT-11, APC was found to be only a weak inhibitor of the cell growth of KB cells in culture (IC50, 2.1 versus 5.5 micrograms/ml for CPT-11 and 0.01 microgram/ml for SN-38, the active metabolite of CPT-11) and was a poor inducer of topoisomerase I DNA-cleavable complexes (100-fold less potent than SN-38). In contrast to CPT-11, APC was not hydrolyzed to SN-38 by human liver microsomes or purified human liver carboxylesterase. Furthermore, APC did not inhibit the hydrolysis of CPT-11 in these preparations. Interestingly, APC was only a weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase in comparison to CPT-11 and neostigmine. It appears likely, therefore, that APC does not contribute directly to the activity and toxicity profile of CPT-11 in vivo.
 ...
PMID:Identification and properties of a major plasma metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11) isolated from the plasma of patients. 870 9

Salmonella was isolated from 6 of 20 (30.0%) samples of fresh meat, and from 28 of 140 (20.0%) samples of frozen meat processed for human consumption from captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe. Salmonella enterica isolates showed a serovar distribution of 41.2% (14/34) subsp. enterica, 11.8% (4/34) subsp. salamae and 41.2% (14/34) subsp. diarizonae. Analyses of fresh meat samples yielded Aeromonas (A. hydrophila) in 18 of 20 samples (90%), and a mean aerobic plate count (APC, 30 degrees C) of 5.79 cfu/g, a mean coliform count (TC, 37 degrees C) of 5.08 cfu/g and a mean faecal coliform count FC, 44 degrees C) of 4.76 cfu/g. It is suggested that the presence of Salmonella in meat samples may be due to skin surface contamination originating from faecally polluted rearing water ponds combined with excessive handling procedures during flaying. The common presence of Salmonella, including serovars of proven pathogenic potential, in crocodile meat offered for human consumption should concern consumers and public health authorities, as well as staff employed at crocodile farms.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence and serovar distribution of Salmonella in fresh and frozen meat from captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). 872 92

Aerobic plate counts (APC 37 degrees C and APC 25 degrees C) and Escherichia coli enumerations (Petrifilm) were used to determine sources of bacterial contamination during sheep dressing, determine the hygienic efficacy of hand wash and knife 'sterilization' procedures and compare the hygiene efficiency of conventional and inverted sheep dressing systems. The major slaughterline sources of microbial contamination were: fleece > workers' hands > faecal pellets > knife blades. Aerobic plate counts (APC 37 degrees C) exceeding log 4.4 cfu cm-2 were considered indicative of direct fleece contact, whereas E. coli numbers exceeding log 3.3 cfu cm-2 were considered indicative of direct faecal contact. A 44 degrees C water hand rinse removed 90% of the microbial contamination from workers' hands, but rinsed hands, particularly those contacting the fleece, still carried a microbial population exceeding log 4.0 cfu cm-2. A 44 degrees C rinse followed by an 82 degrees C water dip reduced the contamination on knife blades to less than log 3.0 cfu cm-2. Inverted dressing systems produced carcasses with a lower contamination level than conventional systems. With both systems little increase in contamination occurred after pelt removal. The areas of highest contamination were the forequarter region with inverted dressing and the hindquarter with conventional dressing. In both cases these regions are the sites where cuts are made through the skin. With both systems contamination around these cuts was entirely consistent with direct fleece contact resulting from 'rollback'.
 ...
PMID:The hygienic efficiency of conventional and inverted lamb dressing systems. 881 52


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>