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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The functional relevance of a direct ethanol effect on the membrane structure of T lymphocytes and accessory cells (APC), as well as on signal transduction systems was studied in ten normal subjects. Ethanol incubation (80 mM for 24h) of highly purified T cells increased the number of CD4+/CD45RA+ lymphocytes. In contrast, ethanol exposure induced a drop in CD14+/LFA-3+ APC values. These changes were accompanied by faulty T-cell proliferation in response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 mAb and inhibition of CD3- and CD2-mediated rises in intracellular calcium and, to a lesser extent, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate levels. These data clearly indicate that a membrane-specific ethanol interaction both modifies surface glycoproteic and/or glycolipidic structures and alters transmembrane transduction of the activation signals.
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PMID:Ethanol-induced CD3 and CD2 hyporesponsiveness of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. 136 75

Histopathological observations of vital human and monkey dental pulp were performed to evaluate biologically a new root canal filling material APC containing hydroxyapatite. Experimental materials were divided into the following 3 groups. Group 1. Direct application to pulp wound (monkey teeth), 30 and 90 days. Group 2. Direct application to pulp wound (human teeth), 8-477 days. days. Group 3. Root canal filling on pulp stump (human teeth), 7-461 days. After extraction, the experimental teeth were fixed, demineralized, dehydrated and embedded in celloidin, they were prepared as thin sections and submitted to hematoxylin-eosin staining. Light microscopic observations were then made of them. After fixing, some specimens were embedded in resin and prepared in ultra thin sections before being triple stained with tannic acid-ethanol uranium-lead. They were submitted to observation under a HITACHI H-600 transmission electron microscope (TEM). Element analysis was performed on some unstained sections by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis with a Kevex 7000A. Results 1. Application of APC to monkey dental pulp had no inhibiting effects on the healing progressed, the formation of regeneration hard tissue was observed. APC is believed to be biocompatible with dental pulp tissues. 2. Of the total of 50 cases in which APC was applied to human dental pulp, by the end of the experiment, 42 had occurred no symptoms of any kind. Broked down further, this means 23 (92%) of 25 cases in Group 2 and 19 (76%) of 25 cases in Group 3. Of the 25 cases in Group 2, 24 (96%) were evaluated as clinically good, none (0%) as fair, and 1 (4%) as unsatisfactory. Of the 25 cases in Group 3, 22 (88%) were evaluated as clinically good, 2 (8%) as fair, and 1 (4%) as unsatisfactory. Histopathologically, various pathological findings occurred in both groups of experimental materials. In the early stage, hyperemia, hemorrhage, round-cell infiltration, suppurative inflammation, and resorption of dentin in chamber walls were observed. By the thirtieth postoperative day, pulp cicatrization, formation of new hard tissue, and apposition of dentin on chamber walls were observed. TEM investigation of round-cell infiltration, observed in both group, revealed incursions of hydroxyapatite and bismuth in the macrophages. The tendency for hard tissue newly generated has began on 73 days in Group 2 and on 32 days in Group 3. This finding was made somewhat earlier in Group 2. Thereafter, dental pulp continued in a healthy condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Biological evaluation of new hydroxyapatite endodontic cement in vivo. Histopathological and clinico-pathological observation]. 256 10

Women drinkers are on the increase, in recent 20 years, according to greater participation of women in public affairs and the change of life style and so on. So, the consciousness or attitude of drinking or alcoholic beverages among women have been changed by the new customs of drinking. In this paper the relationship between women drinking behavior and their consciousness of drinking or life events, was investigated statistically using the data of sending questionnaires concerning about drinking behavior, consciousness and drinking history in Kusatsu city. The subject of investigation was 4,105 women who were aged 30 years and more, and 1,650 answers were available. Then the following findings were obtained; 1) The pattern of consumption of alcoholic beverages changed fairly from 1960, but in recent years, it seems to keep balance and yearly consumption of pure alcohol per adult has leveled off about 8 l. 2) Distribution of PAC (Pure Alcohol Consumption per year) of women exceeding the limit of a liter per year was against the logarithmic normal curve. The median value of PAC of women in Kusatsu was estimated about 0.55 l, and it seemed to be smaller than that of men. QFI (Quantity-Frequency Index) of women was large among those who were full-time workers being in their thirties and forties, and had mother of regular drinker who drank once and more a week. 3) The estimated ratio of excessive drinkers among women by adopting Ledermann's model was larger than the practical ratio. For estimating the women excessive drinkers accurately, it is necessary to use exact P.A.C. of women. 4) The 20 opinions concerning with drinking or alcoholic beverages were grouped into four basic consciousness by using the method of factor analysis. The 1st was 'necessity or values' of drinking, the 2nd was 'method or manner' for taking the pleasure of drinking and of correct drinking, the 3rd was 'regulation' of alcoholic slot machine, minor drinking or drunk and the 4th was 'harmfulness' of alcohol. The 'necessity' promoted drinking and the 'method' also promoted correct drinking but controlled QFI. The 'regulation' was common to all of women and the 'harmfulness' controlled drinking. 5) The life events, for women, such as entrance into a school of higher grade, employment, social activities, divorce, reemployment promoted drinking of women. And retirement, child birth, serious illness controlled drinking of women. Marriage promoted drinking when her husband was regular drinker or when she was infrequent or light drinker before marriage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Epidemiological research on drinking of women. (Part 2). Effects of consciousness or attitude concerning about drinking and life events on drinking behavior]. 275 84

The elimination of ethanol (ETOH) as a gas in human insensible perspiration (PAC) was investigated following the oral administration of 0.5 g/kg or 0.75 g/kg of alcohol. Simultaneous breath alcohol analysis (AAC) was also carried out for comparison purposes. To determine reproducibility, one subject experienced five trials at each dose over a period of six months, in addition to a single dose (0.5 g/kg) trial with five other subjects. All ETOH concentrations were determined by gas chromatography (GLC). A one-compartment open model with first order absorption and pseudo-zero-order elimination was used to compute the pharmacokinetic parameters. The average first order absorption rate constant (K alpha) and pseudo-zero-order elimination rate constant (beta) for ten trials in a single subject were: K alpha AAC = 1.60 h-1 and 1.39 h-1, beta AAC = 0.154 g/l/h and 0.192 g/l/h. K alpha PAC = 1.27 h-1 and 1.11 h-1, beta PAC = 0.109 g/l/h and 0.141 g/l/h for 0.5 g/kg and 0.75 g/kg ETOH, respectively. In all experiments, AAC was consistently higher than PAC during active absorption, with significantly higher (p less than 0.05) average peak concentration (Cmax) and shorter (p less than 0.05) average time to peak (tmax). However, during the later stages of elimination, AAC falls below PAC, with a significantly faster (p less than 0.05) elimination rate (beta). The data indicates that ETOH elimination via perspiration does not parallel the breath and that the pharmacokinetic parameters are significantly different.
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PMID:The pharmacokinetics of alcohol excretion in human perspiration. 407 88

A high-performance liquid chromatography method for analyzing disaccharides derived from chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans has been developed which employs a Whatman Partisil-10 PAC amino-cyano column and an acetonitrile/methanol/ammonium acetate solvent to resolve disulfated, monosulfated, and unsulfated disaccharides in a chromatographic run of less than 20 min. The single known trisulfated chrondroitin disaccharide can be eluted in an alternate solvent system containing the same mobile phase components in different proportions. Disaccharides were prepared for chromatography from glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of known compositions by digestion with chondroitinase ABC, with the exception of king crab cartilage glycosaminoglycan which was incubated sequentially with hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC. Disaccharides were extracted from the digestion mixtures in 80% ethanol, dried over nitrogen, resuspended in the HPLC solvent, and chromatographed at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Unsaturated disaccharides in the column eluate were detected by continuous ultraviolet absorbance monitoring at 232 nm; alternatively, fractions were collected and assayed for uronic acid content or radioactivity. By utilizing the HPLC technique in conjunction with chondroitinase ABC and AC digestion and sulfatase hydrolysis, the epimeric structures of chondroitin sulfates E and H were confirmed. With this technique, rapid and reproducible analyses of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides generated from mouse mast cell proteoglycan and from glycosaminoglycans of squid cranial cartilage, shark skin, hagfish skin, and hagfish notocord were in close agreement with compositions obtained by other techniques.
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PMID:Analysis of polysulfated chondroitin disaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography. 643 72

The use of whole cell biotransformations for single and multistep enzyme conversions is gaining widespread application. In this study the naphthalene dioxygenase nah A gene was transferred into Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC 1R, Escherichia coli JM107 and Pseudomonas putida PpG 277. The effect of ethanol on these genetically engineered Gram-negative bacteria was studied by measurement of enzyme activity, stability and cell integrity. Ethanol has been used in biotransformations as a co-substrate carbon source for co-factor recycling and as a co-solvent increasing dissolved substrate and product levels. Ethanol increased the dissolved substrate (naphthalene) concentration slightly and dissolved product ((+)-cis-(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene) by approximately 30% at 4% (w/v) ethanol. Both P. aeruginosa PAC 1R and P. putida PpG 277 showed decreased activity with increasing ethanol concentration whilst E. coli enzyme activity increased with increasing ethanol concentration being comparable to that when glucose was used as a carbon source. This project highlighted the many factors involved in the selection of microbial hosts for whole cell biotransformation processes.
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PMID:Choice of microbial host for the naphthalene dioxygenase bioconversion. 875 40

The yeast-mediated acyloin condensation of benzaldehyde and pyruvic acid to form l-PAC occurs in a petroleum spirit solvent system at room temperature with moderate conversion (30%) and high enantioselectivity (86%ee) after 24 h. The addition of a small amount of ethanol (0.5% mL) to the reaction mixture inhibits the formation of the side product benzyl alcohol and increases the conversion to l-PAC. Conducting the reaction using 13C labeled pyruvate indicated that the pyruvate was incorporated into the l-PAC and that the excess pyruvate was converted into ethanol. Conducting the reaction at 5 degrees C results in similar conversion but higher enantioselectivity.
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PMID:Yeast-mediated preparation of l-PAC in an organic solvent. 1183 43

Neuropeptides usually exert a long-lived modulatory effect on the small-molecule neurotransmitters with which they colocalize via regulation of the response times of second messenger systems. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) functions as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter and regulates a variety of physiological processes. PACAP is structurally highly conserved during evolution, implying its vital importance. In Drosophila, loss-of-function mutations in a PACAP-like neuropeptide gene, amnesiac (amn), affect both memory retention and ethanol sensitivity. The amnesiac gene is expressed in neurons innervating the mushroom body lobes, the olfactory associative learning center. Conditional genetic ablation of neurotransmitter release from these neurons mimics the amnesiac memory phenotypes, suggesting an acute role for amnesiac in memory. However, genetic rescue experiments also suggest developmental defects in amnesiac mutants, implying a role in neuronal development. There is a parallel between memory formation in Drosophila and mammals. PACAP-specific (PAC(1)) receptor-deficient mice show a deficit in hippocampus-dependent associative learning and mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP). Meanwhile, PACAP-deficient mice display a high early mortality rate and additional CNS phenotypes including behavioral and psychological phenotypes (e.g., hyperlocomotion, intense novelty-seeking behavior, and explosive jumping). A functional comparison between PACAP and amnesiac underlines phylogenetically conserved functions across phyla and may provide insights into the possible mechanisms of action and evolution of this neuropeptidergic system.
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PMID:Higher brain functions of PACAP and a homologous Drosophila memory gene amnesiac: insights from knockouts and mutants. 1227 Jan 9

(R)-Phenylacetylcarbinol [(R)-PAC)] is the chiral precursor for the production of the pharmaceuticals ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Reaction conditions were improved to achieve increased (R)-PAC levels in a simple batch biotransformation of benzaldehyde emulsions and pyruvate, using partially purified pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from the filamentous fungus Rhizopus javanicus NRRL 13161 as the catalyst. Lowering the temperature from 23 degrees C to 6 degrees C decreased initial rates but increased final (R)-PAC concentrations. Addition of ethanol, which increases benzaldehyde solubility, was not beneficial for (R)-PAC production. It was established that proton uptake during biotransformation increases the pH above 7 thereby limiting (R)-PAC production. For small-scale studies, biotransformations were buffered with 2-2.5 M MOPS (initial pH 6.5). High concentrations of MOPS as well as some alcohols and KCl stabilised PDC. A balance between PDC and substrate concentrations was determined with regards to ( R)-PAC production and yields on enzyme and substrates. R. javanicus PDC (7.4 U/ml) produced 50.6 g/l (337 mM) ( R)-PAC in 29 h at 6 degrees C with initial 400 mM benzaldehyde and 600 mM pyruvate. Molar yields on consumed benzaldehyde and pyruvate were 97% and 59%, respectively, with 17% pyruvate degraded and 24% converted into acetaldehyde and acetoin; 43% PDC activity remained, indicating reasonable enzyme stability at high substrate and product concentrations.
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PMID:Enzymatic (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol production in benzaldehyde emulsions. 1238 47

Bjerkandera adusta produces many chlorometabolites including chlorinated anisyl metabolites (CAMs) and 1-arylpropane-1,2-diols (1, 2, 3, 4) as idiophasic metabolic products of L-phenylalanine. These diols are stereoselectively biosynthesized from a C7-unit (benzylic, from L-phenylalanine) and a C2-unit, of unknown origin, as predominantly erythro (1R,2S) enantiomers. Of the labeled amino acids tested as possible C2-units, at the 4-10 mM level, none were found to efficiently label the 2,3-propane carbons of the diols. However, glycine (2-13C), L-serine (2,3,3-d3) and L-methionine (methyl-d3) entered the biomethylation pathway. Neither pyruvate (2,3-13C2), acetate (1,2-13C2), acetaldehyde (d4) nor ethanol (ethyl-d5) labeled the 2,3-propane carbons of the diols at the 4-10 mM level. Pyruvate (2,3-13C2) and L-serine (2,3,3-d3) (which also entered the biomethylation pathway) did, however, effectively label the 2,3-propane carbons of the alpha-ketols and diols at the 40 mM level as evidenced by mass spectrometry. Glycerol (1,1,2,3,3-d5) also appeared to label one of the 2,3-propane carbons (ca. 5% as 2H2 in the C3 side chain) as suggested by mass spectrometric data and also entered the biomethylation pathway, likely via amino acid synthesis. Glycerol (through pyruvate), therefore, likely supplies C2 and C3 of the propane side chain with arylpropane diol biosynthesis. Incubation of B. adusta with synthetic [2-2H1, 2-18O]-glycerol showed that neither 2H nor 18O were incorporated in the alpha-ketols or diols. The oxygen atom on the C2 of the ketols/diols, therefore, does not appear to come from the oxygen atom on the C2 of glycerol. Glycerol, however, can readily form L-serine (which can then form pyruvate via PLP/serine dehydratase and involve transamination washing out the 18O label and providing the oxygen from water), and can then go on to label the C2-unit. Labeled alpha-ketol, phenyl acetyl carbinol (5) (PAC; ring-d(5), 2,3-13C2 propane) cultured with B. adusta leads to stereospecific reduction to the (1R,2S)-diol (6) (ring-d5 and 2,3-13C2); in all other metabolites produced, the 2,3-13C2) label is washed out. Incubation of the fungus with 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (13) produces a pooling of predominantly erythro (1R,2S) 1-(4'-fluorophenyl)-1,2-propane diol (18 as diacetate) (through the corresponding alpha-ketols 16, 17). Blocking the para-position with fluorine thus appears to prevent ring oxygenation and also chlorination, forcing the conclusion that para-ring oxygenation precedes meta-chlorination.
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PMID:Stereoselective biosynthesis of chloroarylpropane diols by the basidiomycete Bjerkandera adusta: exploring the roles of amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol and phenyl acetyl carbinol. 1461 30


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